DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has emerged as a major global health concern, affecting over 500 million individuals worldwide. The increasing prevalence of diabetes is closely associated with lifestyle changes, urbanization, obesity, and genetic predisposition. This article provides a comprehensive and expanded analysis of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and modern management strategies. Special attention is given to the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes.