International Journal of Nursing and Medical Science (IJNMS) ISSN 2454-6674
type: channel
description: International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences (IJNMS) International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences is an international scholarly referred research journal of Nursing & Medical Education and Research published quarterly. Areas of publication are: Adult medical-surgical nursing, Ethics and legal issues in nursing, Geriatric nursing, Maternal-child nursing, Medication administration, Midwifery, Nursing theory, Pediatric nursing, Psychiatric nursing, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Biomechanics, Biostatistics, Biophysics, Cardiology, Community medicine, Cytology, Dentistry etc.
publisher: Panacea Research Library
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Nursing and Medical Science (IJNMS) ISSN 2454-6674
issn: 2454-6674
items: AYURVEDIC SURGERY FROM SUSHRUTA TO THE MODERN ERA: TRADITIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN INTEGRATIVE SURGICAL CARE
items: ECOTOURISM POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
items: DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE KHOREZM REGION, UZBEKISTAN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM 2008 TO 2025
items: MODERN SURGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SADI-S, SASI-S, MINI GASTRIC BYPASS, AND ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS
items: BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: PROSPECTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
items: FORMING MEDIA CULTURE AND CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
items: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LORAZEPAM LOADED TRANSFEROSOMES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
items: SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD: NEW ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
items: DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUS
items: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND COSMETIC SURGERY W.S.R TO SANDHAN KARMA
items: CONTACT LENS SAFETY AMONG YOUTH: COMMON MISTAKES AND PREVENTION
items: MODERN METHODS OF TREATING HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDREN. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHUNTING AND ENDOSCOPIC METHODS
items: DIAGNOSTIC AN ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS IN DETECTING CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
items: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION FOR IDENTIFYING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN FETUSES AND NEWBORNS
items: PRENATAL AND NEONATAL ULTRASOUND SCREENING IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
items: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AND COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (A CASE STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA REGION)
items: STUDY OF THE DETECTION OF PCR PRODUCTS USING STANDARD AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
items: MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER AND METHODS OF THEIR TREATMENT
items: ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY AND ITS ROLE IN MICROCIRCULATION
items: THE ROLE OF QUADRUPLE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY UNSUITABLE FOR REVASCULARIZATION: A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
items: STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
items: DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
items: CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SKIN LESIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA
items: DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CORTISOL LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM
items: REFORMS IN THE SOCIAL SPHERE IN UZBEKISTAN: THE CASE OF HEALTHCARE
items: WOUND DRESSING ROOM AND ALGORITHM FOR PERFORMING BANDAGING OPERATIONS IN IT
items: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX ANATOMICAL VARIANTS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AFTER URANOPLASTY: AN INTEGRATED DIGITAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MONITORING APPROACH
items: IMPACT OF THE DMED PLATFORM ON THE EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
items: ACUTE AND CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES
items: THE ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-6 AS AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN PATIENTS WITH NEPHROPATHY

AYURVEDIC SURGERY FROM SUSHRUTA TO THE MODERN ERA: TRADITIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN INTEGRATIVE SURGICAL CARE
type: item
description: Ayurvedic surgery, designated Shalya Tantra constitutes one of the eight classical limbs of Ayurveda and represents one of antiquity's most systematised surgical traditions. The Sushruta Samhita, compiled by Acharya Sushruta circa 600 BCE, documents over 300 operative procedures, 121 surgical instruments, and pioneering techniques in rhinoplasty, wound management, cataract couching, and fracture care. This review traces the historical evolution of Ayurvedic surgical practice from Vedic roots through medieval consolidation, colonial-era suppression, post-independence revival, and the contemporary phase of evidence based integration with modern allopathic surgery. A landmark regulatory milestone the 2020 Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM, now NCISM) gazette notification formally authorises MS (Ayurveda) graduates in Shalya Tantra and Shalakya Tantra to perform 39 general surgical and 19 ENT/ophthalmology/oro-dental procedures independently after structured training. The review synthesises classical foundations, surgical instrumentation, parasurgical techniques, wound classification systems, regulatory frameworks, clinical evidence, ethical dimensions, and future directions, advocating rigorous evidence-driven integration to deliver patient-centred, cost-effective, and culturally sensitive surgical care.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Vaisakh R
creator: Dr. Sunil Bishnoi
creator: Dr. Sapna Yadav
creator: Dr Dipika Datir
creator: Dr. Mamta Upadhyay
creator: Dr. Priti Beladar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 55
ending page: 73
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2044

ECOTOURISM POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article discusses the development and potential of ecotourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the ongoing reforms, measures, and governmental decisions aimed at developing this sector and direction.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Xidirova Umida Ahmad qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
starting page: 49
ending page: 54
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2032

DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE KHOREZM REGION, UZBEKISTAN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM 2008 TO 2025
type: item
description: Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet millions of people in Central Asia remain exposed to poor-quality water sources. The Khorezm region of Uzbekistan faces compounding environmental challenges, including the consequences of the Aral Sea ecological disaster, agricultural runoff containing persistent organic pollutants, climate-driven salinization, and deteriorating water infrastructure. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed literature published between 2008 and 2025 to characterize the current state of drinking water quality in Khorezm and its associations with public health outcomes, particularly in children. The review identifies three principal water quality concerns: (1) fluoride deficiency (0.14–0.38 mg/L; WHO recommended range: 0.7–1.5 mg/L), associated with elevated dental caries prevalence; (2) excessive total dissolved solids (TDS) and water hardness, linked to urolithiasis and cardiovascular disease; and (3) microbial contamination in groundwater wells, directly associated with diarrhoeal disease burden in children under five (4.6 episodes/child/year). Organochlorine pesticide residues (DDT, γ-HCH) and heavy metals detected above international thresholds further compound health risks. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for water fluoridation programmes, sanitary protection of groundwater sources, and seasonal microbiological surveillance.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Sа'dullayeva Shohista Bobanazar qizi
creator: Aknazarova Dilfuza Baxtiyarovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
starting page: 40
ending page: 48
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2031

MODERN SURGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SADI-S, SASI-S, MINI GASTRIC BYPASS, AND ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS
type: item
description: Metabolic syndrome is one of the leading medical and social problems of modern medicine. Over the past decades, metabolic surgery has been considered the most effective method for achieving long-term remission in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. The most commonly performed procedures include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), mini gastric bypass/one-anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB/OAGB), single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S), and single anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass (SASI-S). The aim of this review is to provide a comparative analysis of the efficacy, metabolic outcomes, technical characteristics, and complications of these procedures in the treatment of T2DM. Analysis of current studies demonstrates that all methods produce significant antidiabetic effects; however, they differ in the degree of malabsorption, the risk of nutritional deficiencies, and the duration of diabetes remission. SADI-S demonstrates the most pronounced metabolic effect, whereas RYGB remains the “gold standard” with the most extensively studied long-term outcomes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Sapaev Akbar Dilshadovich
creator: Masharifov Khurshidbek Shomurod o’g’li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 33
ending page: 39
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2012

BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: PROSPECTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
type: item
description: This article discusses the importance of bacteriophage therapy in modern medicine, its effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and its future prospects. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are characterized by high specificity. The article analyzes the advantages of phage therapy, its fields of application, laboratory studies, and practical results. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives of bacteriophage use are presented.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Kodirov Otabek Abdullaxayevich
creator: Akbaraliyeva Gulxayo Qudratjon qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2011

FORMING MEDIA CULTURE AND CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
type: item
description: This article analyzes the relevance, theoretical foundations, and practical methods of developing media culture and critical thinking skills in students. The role of media education in the information society and the need to develop immunity against fake news are highlighted based on scientific sources.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Asatullayeva Malika Shuhrat kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 24
ending page: 28
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2007

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LORAZEPAM LOADED TRANSFEROSOMES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
type: item
description: Transferosomes are ultra-deformable vesicular carriers widely explored for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. These vesicles are composed mainly of phospholipids and edge activators, which impart high elasticity and deformability, enabling them to penetrate through the narrow pores of the stratum corneum. Transferosomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and deliver them effectively into deeper layers of the skin or systemic circulation. Due to their unique structure and flexibility, they provide improved drug permeation, prolonged release, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects compared to conventional dosage forms. Various preparation techniques such as rotary film evaporation, reverse phase evaporation, ethanol injection, vortex-sonication, and freeze-thaw methods are employed for their formulation. Characterization parameters including vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, drug content, and in vitro permeation studies are essential for evaluating their performance. Transferosomes have shown promising applications in the delivery of corticosteroids, NSAIDs, peptides, proteins, vaccines, herbal drugs, and anticancer agents. Despite limitations such as oxidative instability and difficulties in phospholipid purification, transferosomes remain a highly efficient and promising carrier system for controlled and targeted transdermal drug delivery. Their ability to overcome the barrier properties of the skin makes them an advanced and effective approach in modern pharmaceutical research.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Amit Kr Yadav
creator: Reena Shende
creator: Satkar Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 11
ending page: 23
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1986

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD: NEW ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
type: item
description: This article reviews the role of spectroscopic analysis of blood, in particular Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, in the detection of infectious diseases. The rapidity, high sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness of spectroscopy compared to traditional microbiological methods are highlighted based on statistical data.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Zayniddinov Muhiddin
creator: Muhammadiyeva Muhayyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zayniddinov Muhiddin, Muhammadiyeva Muhayyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 07
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1960

DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUS
type: item
description: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is an important clinical problem associated with maxillary teeth and their periapical pathologies, and is widely encountered in modern otolaryngology and dentistry practice [1,2]. The anatomical location of the maxillary molar and premolar tooth roots close to the floor of the maxillary sinus creates conditions for easy spread of infection, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process in the sinus mucosa [3,4]. This study was aimed at assessing the diagnostic value of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis [5]. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional (cross-sectional) design with the participation of 60 patients aged 18–45 years who consulted dental and ENT clinics in Tashkent [6]. The images examined the thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa (>3 mm), fluid level, osteomeatal complex status, and the distance between the tooth roots and the sinus floor [8]. The presence of caries and periapical lesions was determined by dental examination and their association with sinus pathology was assessed [9]. The results were processed using variational statistical methods, and the data were expressed as mean values and standard deviations (M ± SD). The level of statistical significance was considered p < 0.05 [10]. According to the results of the study, maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin was detected in 68.3% of patients, and the majority of them had periapical pathologies associated with the maxillary molar teeth [11]. The average thickness of the sinus mucosa was 5.6 ± 1.8 mm, which was significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p < 0.01) [12]. In addition, it was found that the risk of developing sinusitis increased as the distance between the tooth root and the sinus floor decreased, and a negative correlation was noted between them (r = –0.62, p < 0.05) [13]. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) demonstrated clear visualization of pathological changes i…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Geldiyorova Gavkhar Jumanazar kizi
creator: Norjigitov Firdavs Nodirjonovich
creator: Bobomuratova Dilnoza Turdikulovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1959

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND COSMETIC SURGERY W.S.R TO SANDHAN KARMA
type: item
description: Plastic surgery is a specialized branch of surgery which focuses on restoring the shape and function of lost or damaged tissues and skin. As a result, the dermal repair performed by a plastic surgeon can include both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. The field of plastic surgery offers a unique opportunity to incorporate surgical techniques into the treatment of patients based on their unique needs through the manipulation of bone, cartilage and soft tissue through the processes of re-modeling, reshaping and re-arranging. These methods in Ayurveda come under the heading of Sandhan Karma which is a surgical method that was first documented by Acharya Sushruta and this technique has similarities to plastic surgery. Sushruta’s contributions included his description of the Shashti Upakrama. Sandhana or Sandhan Karma means putting together separated/damaged parts of the body. Since Sushruta’s philosophies regarding reconstructive surgery have existed for thousands of years, they have evolved to keep pace with contemporary plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures for lip, ear, and nose reconstruction (Oshtha Sandhan, Karna Sandhan and Nasa Sandhan). The objective of this article is to discuss the terminology, theories, and methods associated with Sandhan Upakrama as presented in Ayurvedic literature as compared to current day plastic and reconstructive surgical methods.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Sharad D Tripathi
creator: Dr. Deepti Kawale
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1951

CONTACT LENS SAFETY AMONG YOUTH: COMMON MISTAKES AND PREVENTION
type: item
description: This article provides information about contact lens safety among young people, common mistakes, and preventive measures. The widespread use of contact lenses among modern youth and the reasons for their usage are discussed. The study analyzes eye infections, dryness, and other health problems that arise from improper use of lenses. In addition, types of contact lenses and their importance are also described. Furthermore, preventive measures such as following hygiene rules, monitoring usage duration, avoiding contact with water, and regular eye examinations are explained in detail. The article is aimed at increasing awareness of safe contact lens use and maintaining eye health among young people. Keywords: Contact lenses, optical device, optical correction, Leonardo da Vinci, colored and decorative lenses, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, hypoxia.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Abdurofiyeva Taxmina Avazovna
creator: Halimova Huriniso Hamza qizi
creator: Ismoilova Umida Ilxomovna
creator: Abdimalikova Tursunoy Farxod qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 164
ending page: 168
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1947

MODERN METHODS OF TREATING HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDREN. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHUNTING AND ENDOSCOPIC METHODS
type: item
description: Modern surgical methods, in particular shunting and neuroendoscopic procedures, are widely used in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. This article presents a comparative analysis of shunting methods (ventriculoperitoneal shunts) and endoscopic treatment methods (Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and ETV with choroid plexus catheterization (ETV+CPC)). The article evaluates the effectiveness, safety, complications, and results of the methods in different age groups. Based on an analysis of the available scientific literature, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are highlighted, and the importance of considering factors such as the patient's age, the etiology of hydrocephalus, and the results of previous procedures when choosing a treatment method is emphasized. The article also discusses technological advances and future prospects in pediatric neurosurgery. Keywords:Hydrocephalus, shunting, Endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ETV+CPC, pediatric neurosurgery, treatment methods
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Anora Saitqulova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 159
ending page: 163
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1946

DIAGNOSTIC AN ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS IN DETECTING CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
type: item
description: Congenital anomalies of the digestive organs occupy a significant place in the structure of perinatal pathology and require timely diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination in fetuses and newborns when identifying congenital anomalies of the digestive organs. A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 298 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal ultrasound examination was performed at gestational ages of 18–22 and 30–34 weeks, while neonatal ultrasound was performed during the first 5 days of life. The sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic value of the method were evaluated. Congenital anomalies were identified in 26 (8.7%) cases. Prenatal ultrasound sensitivity was 80.8%, and specificity was 95.9%. The comprehensive use of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound increased diagnostic accuracy to 93.5%. The results obtained indicate the high effectiveness of ultrasound examination, especially when used in combination. Key words: ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, newborns, congenital anomalies, digestive organs.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Bekchanova Shoira Zarifovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 167
ending page: 172
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1945

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION FOR IDENTIFYING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN FETUSES AND NEWBORNS
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination for identifying congenital anomalies of the digestive system among fetuses and newborns. The study was conducted as a prospective cohort study involving 298 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal ultrasound examinations were conducted at 18–22 and 30–34 weeks of gestation, while neonatal examinations were performed within the first 5 days of life. During the study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the ultrasound examination were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that congenital anomalies of the digestive system were detected in 26 (8.7%) cases, with the ultrasound examination demonstrating a sensitivity of 80.8% and specificity of 95.9%. The combined application of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound examinations enabled an increase in overall diagnostic accuracy up to 93.5%. The results demonstrate that ultrasound examination is an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of congenital anomalies and confirm that its greatest diagnostic accuracy is achieved when utilized in combination during both prenatal and neonatal periods. Keywords: ultrasound examination, prenatal diagnosis, newborn, congenital anomaly, digestive system, diagnostic accuracy
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 160
ending page: 166
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1944

PRENATAL AND NEONATAL ULTRASOUND SCREENING IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound screening in the early detection of congenital malformations of the digestive organs. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 312 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal screening was performed at 18-22 and 30-34 weeks of gestation, and neonatal screening during the first 7 days of life. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the method were evaluated. Results: Congenital anomalies of the digestive organs were detected in 28 (9.0%) fetuses/newborns. The sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound was 82.1%, and the specificity was 96.4%. Neonatal ultrasound increased the overall diagnostic accuracy to 94.2%. Conclusion: Combined prenatal and neonatal ultrasound screening is a highly effective method for the early diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the digestive system and facilitates timely clinical intervention. Keywords: ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, newborns, congenital anomalies, digestive system, screening.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Bekchanova Shoira Zarifovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 151
ending page: 159
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1943

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AND COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (A CASE STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA REGION)
type: item
description: This study is devoted to the assessment of left ventricular remodeling processes, echocardiographic parameters, and prognostic significance of complications in patients after myocardial infarction, based on clinical observations in the Kashkadarya region. Myocardial infarction remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and post-infarction remodeling of the myocardium plays a crucial role in determining long-term outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate structural and functional changes in the left ventricle using echocardiography and to analyze their relationship with the development of early and late complications. The research included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of myocardial infarction, who underwent comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination, including echocardiographic evaluation. Key parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thickness, and regional contractility were analyzed. The results demonstrated that adverse remodeling patterns, characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced systolic function, were associated with a higher incidence of complications, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and recurrent ischemic events. The findings highlight the importance of early echocardiographic assessment in identifying high-risk patients and optimizing individualized management strategies. Regional analysis in the Kashkadarya population also underscores the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches tailored to local healthcare conditions. Keywords: myocardial infarction, left ventricular remodeling, echocardiography, prognosis, complications, heart failure, regional analysis, Kashkadarya region.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Hayitov Isomiddin Ikramovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 139
ending page: 150
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1942

STUDY OF THE DETECTION OF PCR PRODUCTS USING STANDARD AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
type: item
description: This thesis investigates the detection of DNA products obtained through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. The study analyzes the ability to determine the presence, size, and quality of PCR products. The results demonstrate that agarose gel electrophoresis is a simple, accurate, and reliable method. This technique is widely used and plays an important role in molecular biology and genetics. Enter Currently, molecular biology and genetics are one of the fastest growing fields. Scientific research in these areas serves to deeply study the genetic structure of living organisms, identify hereditary diseases, and improve biotechnological processes. In particular, the analysis of the DNA molecule and the identification of its components remains one of the main tasks of modern biology. In this regard, methods for amplifying and identifying DNA fragments are of great scientific and practical importance. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most important methods for amplifying DNA fragments in vitro. This method can be used to amplify very small amounts of DNA samples to millions of copies in a short time. PCR technology is widely used in medicine for early detection of diseases, in forensics for personal identification, and in agriculture for genetic selection. Therefore, the detection of PCR products and their quality assessment are important stages. There are various methods for analyzing the products obtained after the PCR process, among which the agarose gel electrophoresis method is considered the most common and effective. This method is based on the separation of DNA molecules according to their size under the influence of an electric field. With the help of agarose gel electrophoresis, it is possible to determine the length of DNA fragments, confirm their presence, and assess the success of the amplification process. The advantages of the agarose gel electrophoresis method are its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Sharipova Saodat Tursunbaevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 134
ending page: 138
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1938

MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER AND METHODS OF THEIR TREATMENT
type: item
description: The analysis of the study results demonstrated the significance of determining the serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. In combination with immunological indicators, this marker helps diagnose severe forms of the disease process and is also important in predicting the risk of recurrence. A comprehensive approach to immunodiagnostics, virological diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis of disease progression was developed depending on immune status indicators, virological characteristics of Epstein–Barr virus, and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Abduavaz Abdullakhatovich Ganiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 124
ending page: 133
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1937

ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY AND ITS ROLE IN MICROCIRCULATION
type: item
description: This article examines erythrocyte deformability—the ability of red blood cells to change their shape—and its fundamental importance in the process of microcirculation. The study analyzes molecular factors affecting erythrocyte flexibility, particularly the role of membrane proteins and intracellular viscosity. Using ektacytometry and microfiltration methods, blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with various pathologies (such as diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension) were comparatively studied. The results indicate that reduced erythrocyte deformability increases blood viscosity, leading to tissue hypoxia and microvascular complications. The article concludes with findings on the clinical significance of improving erythrocyte rheological properties. Keywords: erythrocyte deformability, microcirculation, hemorheology, capillary flow, ektacytometry, viscosity, membrane elasticity, hypoxia
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Marifaliyeva Moxidil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 117
ending page: 123
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1930

THE ROLE OF QUADRUPLE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY UNSUITABLE FOR REVASCULARIZATION: A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
type: item
description: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders and remains the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. In developed countries, CAD is the major cause of heart failure, accounting for nearly 60% of chronic heart failure cases. This clinical case demonstrates the management of a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure following myocardial infarction. The treatment of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and the selection of optimal quadruple therapy remain a major clinical challenge for cardiologists. Considering the increasing number of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who are not candidates for coronary revascularization, this clinical case is of particular importance. Quadruple therapy (ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNI, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors) represents the cornerstone of treatment in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who are not suitable for revascularization. This therapeutic strategy improves quality of life, enhances prognosis, prolongs survival, and reduces hospitalization and mortality associated with heart failure. Keywords: ischemic cardiomyopathy, quadruple therapy, revascularization, heart failure.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Yakubov A.B
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 106
ending page: 116
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1929

STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
type: item
description: Annotation. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe pathological condition resulting from damage to the vertebral column and spinal cord, accompanied by impairment of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. This paper examines the structure of SCI , including the anatomical features of the spine and spinal cord, injury mechanisms, and morphological and functional changes associated with various types of injury. Particular attention is paid to the classification of injuries, their clinical manifestations, and the importance of timely diagnosis. Based on the data analysis, approaches to assessing the severity of injury and preventing complications have been developed. SCI is a pressing issue in practical medicine. The incidence of SCI is steadily increasing. According to literature reports, the proportion of spinal fractures in the overall structure of skeletal trauma has ranged from 2 to 18% of cases in recent years, with an upward trend. Damage to the spinal cord and its roots accounts for approximately 20% of all spinal injuries. Disability due to spinal cord injury hovers around 80%, two-thirds of whom are people of working age. Mortality from complicated spinal cord injury also remains high, reaching 35% according to summary statistics. The literature reviewed above clearly illustrates not only the prevalence and severity of spinal cord injury but also the importance of treating victims at all stages of surgical care. It is known that the key conditions for adequate surgical treatment of complicated spinal injury in the acute period include decompression of the spinal cord and its roots, correction of post-traumatic deformity, stabilization of vertebral segments, and prevention of degenerative changes in the spine and spinal cord. While the need for decompression in cases of spinal cord and root compression is currently non-negotiable and should be performed without fail, the choice of method for stabilization and correction of post-traumatic deformity remains cont…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Abdukhamidova Robiyakhan Afzalkhujaevna
creator: Abdukodirova Nodima Khabibullaevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 152
ending page: 158
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1927

DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has emerged as a major global health concern, affecting over 500 million individuals worldwide. The increasing prevalence of diabetes is closely associated with lifestyle changes, urbanization, obesity, and genetic predisposition. This article provides a comprehensive and expanded analysis of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and modern management strategies. Special attention is given to the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Xakimova Madina Azizbek Qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 144
ending page: 151
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1926

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SKIN LESIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA
type: item
description: Relevance of the problem. Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is one of the most important medical and social problems of congenital pathology due to its progressive course, multiorgan involvement, and often unfavorable outcome. Data on the prevalence of CTD are contradictory: the detection rate of individual manifestations in the population varies from 8.5% to 85.4%, which is due to different classification and diagnostic approaches. Currently, differentiated and undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) are distinguished. UCTD is diagnosed when a patient's set of phenotypic features does not fit the clinical picture of any known differentiated hereditary disease . The literature contains numerous publications on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system damage in UCTD. According to the authors, skin pathology in UCTD reaches 18.0%. However, the description and frequency of manifestations of individual signs of skin pathology in different studies are contradictory, and their diagnostic significance has not been determined. Few studies by dermatologists have been devoted to assessing the impact of the dysplastic process on the course of associated skin pathology. A direct correlation has been established between the severity of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis and the severity of CTD. Researchers point to the pathogenetic significance of a deficiency of copper, zinc, and magnesium ions in the development of the main clinical symptoms of CTD [82]. It has been established that a deficiency of these micro- and macroelements leads to increased degradation of collagen and elastin fibers, as well as hyaluronan polysaccharide threads , which ultimately leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of connective tissue. However, the diagnostic significance of determining the level of micro- and macroelements in patients with CTD, its relationship between external and internal signs, and minor developmental anomalies (MDAs) has not been sufficiently stud…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Sattarova Dilafruz Abdujamilovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 100
ending page: 105
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1925

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CORTISOL LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM
type: item
description: Relevance of the problem. In recent years, the problem of connective tissue dysplasia, the most common and frequently diagnosed manifestation of which is mitral valve prolapse, has attracted the close attention of researchers. MVP is diagnosed, according to various sources, in 1.8% to 38% of the population. Of particular importance is the fact that most individuals with newly diagnosed MVP are young, and assessing their ability to work, childbearing potential, and military service is of great practical importance. The prognosis for MVP, the need for, and methods of treatment remain poorly understood. The etiology and pathogenesis of MVP require clarification. The literature suggests the presence of a genetically determined defect in collagen synthesis, a decrease in interstitial magnesium ( Mg ), a deficiency of which leads fibroblasts to produce defective collagen in the mitral valve leaflets. Skin is one of the most accessible structures for studying the characteristics of dysplasia. There are isolated reports in the literature on skin structure studies in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The need to study this issue appears important and may, to some extent, clarify some aspects of mitral valve prolapse pathogenesis and serve as a method for monitoring treatment effectiveness. It is believed that various clinical symptoms in patients with MVP are also dependent on Mg deficiency . Studying certain aspects of Mg metabolism and its impact on the dynamics of MVP is highly relevant. The increased incidence of infectious diseases may also be related to this, as Mg deficiency leads to immune system dysregulation . The state of the interferon system in individuals with MVP has not been studied. The role of psychovegetative and hormonal disturbances in the structure of MVP is still debated. Determining the level of cortisol, a stress hormone and one of the main immune-regulatory hormones, may reveal clinical, immune, and hormonal correlations that explain disturbances…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Sattarova Dilafruz Abdujamilovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 95
ending page: 99
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1924

REFORMS IN THE SOCIAL SPHERE IN UZBEKISTAN: THE CASE OF HEALTHCARE
type: item
description: This scientific article analyzes the priority directions for modernizing the social sphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan, particularly the fundamental reform of the healthcare system. The study comparatively examines fundamental literature, scientific sources, and regulatory legal documents related to the field. Reforms in healthcare are substantiated not only within the framework of state programs but also on the basis of social management and modern medical sociology theories. The article highlights the strengthening of primary healthcare, the introduction of digital medicine (E-health), and the scientific and practical significance of medical insurance mechanisms. The author integrates advanced international healthcare practices with classical socio-economic theories and outlines the specific features of the national model. In the conclusion, scientific findings and practical recommendations are proposed to further improve the efficiency of the healthcare system and elevate public health protection to a new level.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Botirov Sarvar Bahrom Ugli
creator: Sadinov Asilbek Akbarovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 90
ending page: 94
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1923

WOUND DRESSING ROOM AND ALGORITHM FOR PERFORMING BANDAGING OPERATIONS IN IT
type: item
description: Annotation. This scientific article extensively analyzes the concept of a wound dressing room and the algorithm for performing dressing procedures in it. The research also explains 5 steps that are considered important for performing dressing procedures.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Kurbanova Nodira Andalibjonovna
creator: Sidikova Rohila Kuldashevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 141
ending page: 143
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1920

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX ANATOMICAL VARIANTS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AFTER URANOPLASTY: AN INTEGRATED DIGITAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MONITORING APPROACH
type: item
description: Background: Cleft palate (CP) remains one of the most prevalent congenital craniofacial anomalies globally, affecting approximately 1 in 700 live births. Although uranoplasty restores anatomical continuity of the palate, post-surgical rehabilitation is frequently complicated by residual neuromuscular imbalances, altered occlusal dynamics, and compromised mucosal immune function. The absence of an integrated, multimodal monitoring framework limits the clinician's ability to detect and address these sequelae in a timely manner. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an integrated classification of complex anatomical variants observed in post-uranoplasty pediatric patients, and to evaluate the effectiveness of digital monitoring combined with biopolymer aligner-based orthodontic therapy on neuromuscular, occlusal, and biochemical outcomes. Methods: A prospective clinical observational study enrolled 150 children aged 6–12 years, divided into three groups of 50: a main group receiving digital monitoring with electromyography (EMG), T-Scan occlusal analysis, and biopolymer aligner therapy; a comparison group receiving conventional orthodontic treatment; and a healthy control group. Salivary biomarkers—alpha-amylase and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)—were quantified at baseline and after 12 months. Statistical analysis employed the Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Spearman correlation (significance: p<0.05). Results: At baseline, masseter peak amplitude in the main group was 118.4 ± 12.3 μV, representing a 2.1-fold reduction versus controls (247.3 ± 18.6 μV; p<0.001). Muscular asymmetry index reached 31.4 ± 3.4%. Total occlusion time was prolonged approximately fourfold (1.82 ± 0.21 s vs. 0.46 ± 0.06 s in controls; p<0.001). Salivary alpha-amylase was elevated 2.2-fold relative to healthy peers. After 12 months, the main group demonstrated statistically superior improvements in all parameters compared to the comparison group (p<0.05 for …
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Anvarova Muhtasar Anvarovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anvarova Muhtasar Anvarovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 70
ending page: 89
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1919

IMPACT OF THE DMED PLATFORM ON THE EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
type: item
description: This article examines the impact of the DMED (Digital Medical Electronic Documentation) platform, which is being actively implemented in the healthcare system of Uzbekistan, on the efficiency of medical institutions. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that electronic medical records have significantly reduced the volume of paper documents and made it possible to allocate resources more efficiently. The article discusses the fact that the widespread implementation of the DMED platform in medical institutions has led to a fundamental improvement in the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Jurayeva Moxira Azizkhan Qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 66
ending page: 69
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1918

ACUTE AND CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES
type: item
description: Osteomyelitis represents a severe inflammatory condition of bone tissue caused predominantly by microbial infection, characterized by progressive destruction, necrosis, and potential systemic complications. This study aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical and analytical overview of acute and chronic osteomyelitis, focusing on etiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms, and contemporary treatment strategies. Acute osteomyelitis is typically associated with hematogenous bacterial dissemination, most commonly involving Staphylococcus aureus, whereas chronic osteomyelitis develops due to inadequate treatment or persistence of infection, leading to sequestrum formation and long-term morbidity. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between microbial virulence factors, host immune responses, vascular compromise, and bone remodeling dynamics. Clinically, acute osteomyelitis presents with localized pain, fever, swelling, and systemic inflammatory signs, while chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by sinus tract formation, intermittent discharge, and persistent bone destruction. Epidemiological data suggest increasing incidence rates due to trauma, surgical interventions, and comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus. Modern treatment approaches emphasize early diagnosis using advanced imaging techniques and laboratory markers, combined with targeted antimicrobial therapy and surgical debridement when necessary. Emerging strategies include biofilm disruption, local antibiotic delivery systems, and regenerative bone therapies. Multidisciplinary management has significantly improved patient outcomes, although challenges remain in preventing recurrence and managing resistant infections.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Khamidov Murodkhon Jurakhon Ogli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 130
ending page: 140
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1911

THE ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-6 AS AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN PATIENTS WITH NEPHROPATHY
type: item
description: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple forms of nephropathy, including diabetic nephropathy (DN), immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), lupus nephritis (LN), acute kidney injury (AKI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of this narrative review is to comprehensively analyze the molecular mechanisms by which IL-6 drives renal inflammation and injury, its role across nephropathy subtypes, its value as a biomarker of disease activity, and the therapeutic implications of IL-6 pathway inhibition. Key findings demonstrate that IL-6 acts via classical and trans-signaling pathways—engaging the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) cascades—to promote glomerular mesangial proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition, podocyte loss, tubular injury, and renal fibrosis. Serum and urinary IL-6 levels correlate with glomerular filtration rate decline, proteinuria, and disease progression across all major nephropathy subtypes. Emerging IL-6 inhibitors, including tocilizumab, satralizumab, and ziltivekimab, show therapeutic promise. In conclusion, IL-6 is both a central pathogenic mediator and a promising therapeutic target in nephropathy, warranting further investigation through prospective clinical trials.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Fattullaeva Komilakhon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 163
ending page: 129
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1910