INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MEDICAL SCIENCE
type: channel
description: International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences (IJNMS) International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences (IJNMS) is an international scholarly peer-reviewed research journal of Nursing, Medical Education and Health Sciences, published bimonthly. The journal provides a platform for the publication of high-quality original research, review articles, case reports, short communications, and evidence-based studies. Areas of publication include: Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing, Ethics and Legal Issues in Nursing, Geriatric Nursing, Maternal-Child Nursing, Medication Administration, Midwifery, Nursing Theory, Pediatric Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing, Community Nursing, Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Biomechanics, Biostatistics, Biophysics, Cardiology, Community Medicine, Cytology, Dentistry, Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allied Health Sciences, Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, AYUSH, Integrative Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), and other related disciplines in Nursing, Medical and Health Sciences.
publisher: Panacea Research Library
language: en
publication name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MEDICAL SCIENCE
issn: 2454-6674
items: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINDFULNESS MEDITATION ON ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT AMONG PHYSICIANS WORKING IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS
items: AI-DRIVEN mRNA VACCINE STRATEGIES FOR EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN URBAN INDIA: A TRANSLATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK
items: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION FLUOXETINE AND EMBELIN LOADED LIPOSOMES FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
items: SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF FISTULA-IN-ANO BY IFTAK (INTERCEPTION OF FISTULOUS TRACT WITH APPLICATION OF KSHARASUTRA): A MINIMAL INVASIVE METHOD: A CASE REPORT
items: DETERMINANTS OF DENTAL PATHOLOGY FORMATION IN MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER HIGH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL LOAD
items: BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: PROSPECTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
items: IMPROVING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE THROUGH TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING IN DENTISTRY ESP COURSES IN UZBEKISTAN
items: AYURVEDIC SURGERY FROM SUSHRUTA TO THE MODERN ERA: TRADITIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN INTEGRATIVE SURGICAL CARE
items: ECOTOURISM POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
items: DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE KHOREZM REGION, UZBEKISTAN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM 2008 TO 2025
items: MODERN SURGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SADI-S, SASI-S, MINI GASTRIC BYPASS, AND ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS
items: FORMING MEDIA CULTURE AND CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
items: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LORAZEPAM LOADED TRANSFEROSOMES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
items: SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD: NEW ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
items: DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUS
items: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND COSMETIC SURGERY W.S.R TO SANDHAN KARMA
items: CONTACT LENS SAFETY AMONG YOUTH: COMMON MISTAKES AND PREVENTION
items: MODERN METHODS OF TREATING HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDREN. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHUNTING AND ENDOSCOPIC METHODS
items: DIAGNOSTIC AN ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS IN DETECTING CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
items: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION FOR IDENTIFYING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN FETUSES AND NEWBORNS
items: PRENATAL AND NEONATAL ULTRASOUND SCREENING IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
items: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AND COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (A CASE STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA REGION)
items: STUDY OF THE DETECTION OF PCR PRODUCTS USING STANDARD AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
items: MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER AND METHODS OF THEIR TREATMENT
items: ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY AND ITS ROLE IN MICROCIRCULATION
items: THE ROLE OF QUADRUPLE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY UNSUITABLE FOR REVASCULARIZATION: A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
items: STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
items: DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
items: CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SKIN LESIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINDFULNESS MEDITATION ON ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT AMONG PHYSICIANS WORKING IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS
type: item
description: Background Emergency physicians routinely encounter high-acuity clinical situations, prolonged working hours, shift rotations, ethical dilemmas, and emotionally demanding patient care. These occupational demands substantially increase their susceptibility to anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and professional burnout. Mindfulness meditation has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention to enhance emotional regulation, resilience, and psychological well-being among healthcare professionals. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured mindfulness meditation program in reducing anxiety, depression, and burnout among physicians working in emergency departments. Materials and Methods A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was adopted. Fifty emergency physicians were recruited through purposive sampling from selected tertiary care hospitals. Baseline assessments were conducted using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Participants underwent an eight-week structured mindfulness meditation program consisting of guided breathing exercises, body-scan meditation, mindful awareness, and loving-kindness meditation. Sessions were conducted five days per week for 30 minutes. Post-intervention assessments were completed immediately after the intervention. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results The mean anxiety score decreased from 12.18 ± 3.42 to 6.64 ± 2.81 (p < 0.001). Depression scores improved from 13.06 ± 3.76 to 7.18 ± 3.04 (p < 0.001). Burnout scores also showed significant reductions in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, with a corresponding increase in personal accomplishment (p < 0.001). The intervention demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all outcome variables. Conclusion Mindfulness meditation …
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Silukoti Mani Kumari
creator: Dr. Sagar Mudgal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 43
ending page: 50
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i05.2201

AI-DRIVEN mRNA VACCINE STRATEGIES FOR EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN URBAN INDIA: A TRANSLATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK
type: item
description: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Emerging zoonotic diseases pose increasing threats to urban populations in India, exacerbated by high population density, rapid urbanization, and global connectivity. mRNA vaccines, accelerated through artificial intelligence (AI)-guided design, offer a promising translational public health intervention to prevent outbreaks. This study evaluates the framework for deploying AI-driven mRNA vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic diseases in urban India. METHODS: A translational public health framework was developed integrating epidemiological modeling, AI-based antigen prediction, and vaccine distribution planning. Urban population data, zoonotic disease incidence reports (2015–2025), and health infrastructure metrics were analyzed. The framework incorporates predictive modeling for outbreak hotspots, real-time vaccine efficacy simulation, and scenario-based deployment strategies. RESULTS: AI-guided antigen prediction reduced mRNA candidate selection time by 65% compared to traditional methods. Urban hotspot mapping identified 12 high-risk districts in five metropolitan cities. The framework projected a 48% reduction in outbreak incidence with rapid mRNA vaccine deployment coupled with targeted community vaccination. Cost-effectiveness analysis indicated a 1.8-fold improvement in resource utilization for vaccine prodsuction and distribution. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSLATION: AI-driven mRNA vaccine strategies offer a feasible and scalable approach for controlling emerging zoonotic diseases in Indian urban contexts. Integrating AI with translational public health planning can optimize vaccine design, deployment efficiency, and outbreak mitigation, informing policy-level decisions for epidemic preparedness.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Srishti Pawar Srishti
creator: Mrs. Subhita Bagri
creator: Shelendra Nakum Shailu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Miss. Srishti Pawar , Mrs. Subhita Bagri, Mr. Shelendra Nakum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-08
publication date: 2026-07-08
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i05.2176

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION FLUOXETINE AND EMBELIN LOADED LIPOSOMES FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
type: item
description: Neurological disorders represent a major global health burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide and encompassing neurotraumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Conventional therapeutic approaches often face significant challenges due to poor drug bioavailability, limited blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, systemic side effects, and inadequate targeting of affected neural tissues. Liposomes have emerged as a promising nanocarrier-based drug delivery system capable of overcoming these limitations. Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutic agents, thereby enhancing drug stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to cross biological barriers make them attractive candidates for neurological applications. Various preparation techniques, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, extrusion, sonication, and detergent removal methods, have been developed to optimize liposomal formulations. Liposomes have demonstrated considerable potential in the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and other central nervous system disorders. Furthermore, liposomal systems have shown utility in gene delivery, vaccine development, diagnostic imaging, and controlled drug release. This review highlights the classification, preparation methods, mechanisms of action, characterization, evaluation parameters, advantages, and therapeutic applications of liposomes in neurological disorders. The findings suggest that liposomal drug delivery systems offer a promising strategy for improving therapeutic outcomes and advancing the management of neurological diseases.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Suraj Singh Ashok
creator: Reena Shende
creator: Satkar Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 18
ending page: 36
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.vi.2165

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF FISTULA-IN-ANO BY IFTAK (INTERCEPTION OF FISTULOUS TRACT WITH APPLICATION OF KSHARASUTRA): A MINIMAL INVASIVE METHOD: A CASE REPORT
type: item
description: Background: Fistula-in-ano is a chronic and often recurrent anorectal disorder characterised by persistent purulent discharge, intermittent pain, local irritation, and occasional swelling around the perianal region. The condition commonly develops following a cryptoglandular infection and significantly affects patients' quality of life due to its prolonged course and tendency for recurrence. Conventional surgical procedures such as fistulotomy, fistulectomy, advancement flap surgery, and ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) are widely practised; however, these approaches may be associated with postoperative pain, delayed wound healing, recurrence, and, in some cases, varying degrees of anal sphincter injury leading to faecal incontinence. Anal sphincter damage is a danger associated with conventional surgical procedures, which frequently result in protracted wound healing. A cutting-edge, minimally invasive method called Interception of the Fistulous Tract with Application of Ksharasutra (IFTAK) is intended to maximise healing results while rigorously maintaining sphincter integrity. The Interception of the Fistulous Tract with Application of Ksharasutra (IFTAK) has emerged as an innovative sphincter-preserving technique derived from the principles of Ayurvedic parasurgical management. IFTAK involves the identification and interception of the fistulous tract at a strategic point, usually in the vicinity of the infected anal crypt or intersphincteric region, followed by the application of a medicated Ksharasutra (alkaline medicated thread). The intercepted tract allows effective drainage of septic contents and eradication of the primary source of infection while minimising tissue trauma. Presentation of case-Presenting a Case: A 36-year-old man with recurring purulent discharge and severe perianal discomfort had no notable medical or surgical history. Chronic tobacco use and sporadic alcohol use were noteworthy aspects of the individual's past. The d…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Dr Mamta Uppadhyay
creator: Dr Mohammad Dhukka
creator: Dr Danish
creator: Dr Sunita Jakhar
creator: Dr P. Hemantha Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 10
ending page: 25
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.vi.2140

DETERMINANTS OF DENTAL PATHOLOGY FORMATION IN MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER HIGH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL LOAD
type: item
description: Military personnel are exposed to extreme physical exertion and sustained psycho-emotional stress, which collectively influence systemic and oral health. This study aims to analyze the etiological and pathogenetic factors contributing to the formation of dental diseases in soldiers under conditions of high operational load. A theoretical and analytical approach was employed, integrating findings from contemporary scientific literature, epidemiological surveys, and clinical observations reported in peer-reviewed research and doctoral dissertations. The synthesis demonstrates that the prevalence of dental pathologies among military populations remains significantly high, with periodontal diseases affecting up to 70–85% of personnel in active service, while dental caries incidence ranges from 60% to 90% depending on deployment conditions. Key contributing factors include chronic stress-induced immunosuppression, salivary dysfunction, altered oral microbiota, and behavioral changes such as irregular hygiene practices and increased consumption of carbohydrate-rich rations. Additionally, environmental factors such as dehydration, temperature extremes, and limited access to preventive dental care exacerbate disease progression. The findings highlight a multifactorial etiology where systemic physiological adaptations to stress interact with local oral conditions, accelerating pathological processes. The study emphasizes the necessity of integrated preventive strategies, including stress management, nutritional optimization, and targeted dental surveillance programs.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Bekzod Ergashev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 05=17
ending page: 05=17
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.vi.2139

BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: PROSPECTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
type: item
description: This article discusses the importance of bacteriophage therapy in modern medicine, its effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and its future prospects. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are characterized by high specificity. The article analyzes the advantages of phage therapy, its fields of application, laboratory studies, and practical results. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives of bacteriophage use are presented.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Kodirov Otabek Abdullaxayevich
creator: Akbaraliyeva Gulxayo Qudratjon qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 01
ending page: 04
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.vi.2100

IMPROVING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE THROUGH TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING IN DENTISTRY ESP COURSES IN UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in improving communicative competence among dentistry students studying English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at Tashkent State Medical University in Uzbekistan. Traditional language instruction in medical ESP classrooms often emphasizes grammar and vocabulary memorization rather than practical communication skills required in professional medical settings. Therefore, this research explores whether task-based activities such as patient–doctor dialogues, role plays, clinical simulations, and case discussions can enhance students’ speaking abilities and professional communication. The study employed a quasi-experimental research design involving 30 dentistry students with mixed English proficiency levels ranging from A2 to B2 CEFR levels. Data were collected through pre-tests, post-tests, classroom observations, and student questionnaires over a six-week instructional period. The findings demonstrated significant improvement in students’ fluency, confidence, vocabulary usage, and interactional competence. Furthermore, students expressed positive attitudes toward TBLT activities, reporting increased motivation and engagement during ESP lessons. The study concludes that TBLT is an effective pedagogical approach for teaching Medical English in dentistry ESP courses. The findings suggest that integrating authentic communicative tasks into ESP instruction can better prepare students for real-life professional communication in healthcare settings.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Juraeva Maftuna Komilovna
creator: Ismailova Muxayyo Bashirillayevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.vi.2099

AYURVEDIC SURGERY FROM SUSHRUTA TO THE MODERN ERA: TRADITIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN INTEGRATIVE SURGICAL CARE
type: item
description: Ayurvedic surgery, designated Shalya Tantra constitutes one of the eight classical limbs of Ayurveda and represents one of antiquity's most systematised surgical traditions. The Sushruta Samhita, compiled by Acharya Sushruta circa 600 BCE, documents over 300 operative procedures, 121 surgical instruments, and pioneering techniques in rhinoplasty, wound management, cataract couching, and fracture care. This review traces the historical evolution of Ayurvedic surgical practice from Vedic roots through medieval consolidation, colonial-era suppression, post-independence revival, and the contemporary phase of evidence based integration with modern allopathic surgery. A landmark regulatory milestone the 2020 Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM, now NCISM) gazette notification formally authorises MS (Ayurveda) graduates in Shalya Tantra and Shalakya Tantra to perform 39 general surgical and 19 ENT/ophthalmology/oro-dental procedures independently after structured training. The review synthesises classical foundations, surgical instrumentation, parasurgical techniques, wound classification systems, regulatory frameworks, clinical evidence, ethical dimensions, and future directions, advocating rigorous evidence-driven integration to deliver patient-centred, cost-effective, and culturally sensitive surgical care.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Vaisakh R
creator: Dr. Sunil Bishnoi
creator: Dr. Sapna Yadav
creator: Dr Dipika Datir
creator: Dr. Mamta Upadhyay
creator: Dr. Priti Beladar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 55
ending page: 73
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2044

ECOTOURISM POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article discusses the development and potential of ecotourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the ongoing reforms, measures, and governmental decisions aimed at developing this sector and direction.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Xidirova Umida Ahmad qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
starting page: 49
ending page: 54
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2032

DRINKING WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE KHOREZM REGION, UZBEKISTAN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM 2008 TO 2025
type: item
description: Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet millions of people in Central Asia remain exposed to poor-quality water sources. The Khorezm region of Uzbekistan faces compounding environmental challenges, including the consequences of the Aral Sea ecological disaster, agricultural runoff containing persistent organic pollutants, climate-driven salinization, and deteriorating water infrastructure. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed literature published between 2008 and 2025 to characterize the current state of drinking water quality in Khorezm and its associations with public health outcomes, particularly in children. The review identifies three principal water quality concerns: (1) fluoride deficiency (0.14–0.38 mg/L; WHO recommended range: 0.7–1.5 mg/L), associated with elevated dental caries prevalence; (2) excessive total dissolved solids (TDS) and water hardness, linked to urolithiasis and cardiovascular disease; and (3) microbial contamination in groundwater wells, directly associated with diarrhoeal disease burden in children under five (4.6 episodes/child/year). Organochlorine pesticide residues (DDT, γ-HCH) and heavy metals detected above international thresholds further compound health risks. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for water fluoridation programmes, sanitary protection of groundwater sources, and seasonal microbiological surveillance.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Sа'dullayeva Shohista Bobanazar qizi
creator: Aknazarova Dilfuza Baxtiyarovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
starting page: 40
ending page: 48
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2031

MODERN SURGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SADI-S, SASI-S, MINI GASTRIC BYPASS, AND ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS
type: item
description: Metabolic syndrome is one of the leading medical and social problems of modern medicine. Over the past decades, metabolic surgery has been considered the most effective method for achieving long-term remission in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. The most commonly performed procedures include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), mini gastric bypass/one-anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB/OAGB), single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S), and single anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass (SASI-S). The aim of this review is to provide a comparative analysis of the efficacy, metabolic outcomes, technical characteristics, and complications of these procedures in the treatment of T2DM. Analysis of current studies demonstrates that all methods produce significant antidiabetic effects; however, they differ in the degree of malabsorption, the risk of nutritional deficiencies, and the duration of diabetes remission. SADI-S demonstrates the most pronounced metabolic effect, whereas RYGB remains the “gold standard” with the most extensively studied long-term outcomes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Sapaev Akbar Dilshadovich
creator: Masharifov Khurshidbek Shomurod o’g’li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 33
ending page: 39
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2012

BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: PROSPECTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
type: item
description: This article discusses the importance of bacteriophage therapy in modern medicine, its effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and its future prospects. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are characterized by high specificity. The article analyzes the advantages of phage therapy, its fields of application, laboratory studies, and practical results. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives of bacteriophage use are presented.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Kodirov Otabek Abdullaxayevich
creator: Akbaraliyeva Gulxayo Qudratjon qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2011

FORMING MEDIA CULTURE AND CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
type: item
description: This article analyzes the relevance, theoretical foundations, and practical methods of developing media culture and critical thinking skills in students. The role of media education in the information society and the need to develop immunity against fake news are highlighted based on scientific sources.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Asatullayeva Malika Shuhrat kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 24
ending page: 28
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).2007

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LORAZEPAM LOADED TRANSFEROSOMES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
type: item
description: Transferosomes are ultra-deformable vesicular carriers widely explored for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. These vesicles are composed mainly of phospholipids and edge activators, which impart high elasticity and deformability, enabling them to penetrate through the narrow pores of the stratum corneum. Transferosomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and deliver them effectively into deeper layers of the skin or systemic circulation. Due to their unique structure and flexibility, they provide improved drug permeation, prolonged release, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects compared to conventional dosage forms. Various preparation techniques such as rotary film evaporation, reverse phase evaporation, ethanol injection, vortex-sonication, and freeze-thaw methods are employed for their formulation. Characterization parameters including vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, drug content, and in vitro permeation studies are essential for evaluating their performance. Transferosomes have shown promising applications in the delivery of corticosteroids, NSAIDs, peptides, proteins, vaccines, herbal drugs, and anticancer agents. Despite limitations such as oxidative instability and difficulties in phospholipid purification, transferosomes remain a highly efficient and promising carrier system for controlled and targeted transdermal drug delivery. Their ability to overcome the barrier properties of the skin makes them an advanced and effective approach in modern pharmaceutical research.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Amit Kr Yadav
creator: Reena Shende
creator: Satkar Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 11
ending page: 23
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1986

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD: NEW ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
type: item
description: This article reviews the role of spectroscopic analysis of blood, in particular Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, in the detection of infectious diseases. The rapidity, high sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness of spectroscopy compared to traditional microbiological methods are highlighted based on statistical data.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Zayniddinov Muhiddin
creator: Muhammadiyeva Muhayyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zayniddinov Muhiddin, Muhammadiyeva Muhayyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 07
ending page: 10
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1960

DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUS
type: item
description: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is an important clinical problem associated with maxillary teeth and their periapical pathologies, and is widely encountered in modern otolaryngology and dentistry practice [1,2]. The anatomical location of the maxillary molar and premolar tooth roots close to the floor of the maxillary sinus creates conditions for easy spread of infection, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process in the sinus mucosa [3,4]. This study was aimed at assessing the diagnostic value of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis [5]. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional (cross-sectional) design with the participation of 60 patients aged 18–45 years who consulted dental and ENT clinics in Tashkent [6]. The images examined the thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa (>3 mm), fluid level, osteomeatal complex status, and the distance between the tooth roots and the sinus floor [8]. The presence of caries and periapical lesions was determined by dental examination and their association with sinus pathology was assessed [9]. The results were processed using variational statistical methods, and the data were expressed as mean values and standard deviations (M ± SD). The level of statistical significance was considered p < 0.05 [10]. According to the results of the study, maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin was detected in 68.3% of patients, and the majority of them had periapical pathologies associated with the maxillary molar teeth [11]. The average thickness of the sinus mucosa was 5.6 ± 1.8 mm, which was significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p < 0.01) [12]. In addition, it was found that the risk of developing sinusitis increased as the distance between the tooth root and the sinus floor decreased, and a negative correlation was noted between them (r = –0.62, p < 0.05) [13]. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) demonstrated clear visualization of pathological changes i…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Geldiyorova Gavkhar Jumanazar kizi
creator: Norjigitov Firdavs Nodirjonovich
creator: Bobomuratova Dilnoza Turdikulovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1959

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND COSMETIC SURGERY W.S.R TO SANDHAN KARMA
type: item
description: Plastic surgery is a specialized branch of surgery which focuses on restoring the shape and function of lost or damaged tissues and skin. As a result, the dermal repair performed by a plastic surgeon can include both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. The field of plastic surgery offers a unique opportunity to incorporate surgical techniques into the treatment of patients based on their unique needs through the manipulation of bone, cartilage and soft tissue through the processes of re-modeling, reshaping and re-arranging. These methods in Ayurveda come under the heading of Sandhan Karma which is a surgical method that was first documented by Acharya Sushruta and this technique has similarities to plastic surgery. Sushruta’s contributions included his description of the Shashti Upakrama. Sandhana or Sandhan Karma means putting together separated/damaged parts of the body. Since Sushruta’s philosophies regarding reconstructive surgery have existed for thousands of years, they have evolved to keep pace with contemporary plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures for lip, ear, and nose reconstruction (Oshtha Sandhan, Karna Sandhan and Nasa Sandhan). The objective of this article is to discuss the terminology, theories, and methods associated with Sandhan Upakrama as presented in Ayurvedic literature as compared to current day plastic and reconstructive surgical methods.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Sharad D Tripathi
creator: Dr. Deepti Kawale
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 01
ending page: 06
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i03 (May).1951

CONTACT LENS SAFETY AMONG YOUTH: COMMON MISTAKES AND PREVENTION
type: item
description: This article provides information about contact lens safety among young people, common mistakes, and preventive measures. The widespread use of contact lenses among modern youth and the reasons for their usage are discussed. The study analyzes eye infections, dryness, and other health problems that arise from improper use of lenses. In addition, types of contact lenses and their importance are also described. Furthermore, preventive measures such as following hygiene rules, monitoring usage duration, avoiding contact with water, and regular eye examinations are explained in detail. The article is aimed at increasing awareness of safe contact lens use and maintaining eye health among young people. Keywords: Contact lenses, optical device, optical correction, Leonardo da Vinci, colored and decorative lenses, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, hypoxia.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Abdurofiyeva Taxmina Avazovna
creator: Halimova Huriniso Hamza qizi
creator: Ismoilova Umida Ilxomovna
creator: Abdimalikova Tursunoy Farxod qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 164
ending page: 168
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1947

MODERN METHODS OF TREATING HYDROCEPHALUS IN CHILDREN. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHUNTING AND ENDOSCOPIC METHODS
type: item
description: Modern surgical methods, in particular shunting and neuroendoscopic procedures, are widely used in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. This article presents a comparative analysis of shunting methods (ventriculoperitoneal shunts) and endoscopic treatment methods (Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and ETV with choroid plexus catheterization (ETV+CPC)). The article evaluates the effectiveness, safety, complications, and results of the methods in different age groups. Based on an analysis of the available scientific literature, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are highlighted, and the importance of considering factors such as the patient's age, the etiology of hydrocephalus, and the results of previous procedures when choosing a treatment method is emphasized. The article also discusses technological advances and future prospects in pediatric neurosurgery. Keywords:Hydrocephalus, shunting, Endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ETV+CPC, pediatric neurosurgery, treatment methods
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Anora Saitqulova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 159
ending page: 163
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1946

DIAGNOSTIC AN ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION OF FETUSES AND NEWBORNS IN DETECTING CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
type: item
description: Congenital anomalies of the digestive organs occupy a significant place in the structure of perinatal pathology and require timely diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination in fetuses and newborns when identifying congenital anomalies of the digestive organs. A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 298 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal ultrasound examination was performed at gestational ages of 18–22 and 30–34 weeks, while neonatal ultrasound was performed during the first 5 days of life. The sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic value of the method were evaluated. Congenital anomalies were identified in 26 (8.7%) cases. Prenatal ultrasound sensitivity was 80.8%, and specificity was 95.9%. The comprehensive use of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound increased diagnostic accuracy to 93.5%. The results obtained indicate the high effectiveness of ultrasound examination, especially when used in combination. Key words: ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, newborns, congenital anomalies, digestive organs.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Bekchanova Shoira Zarifovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 167
ending page: 172
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1945

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION FOR IDENTIFYING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN FETUSES AND NEWBORNS
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound examination for identifying congenital anomalies of the digestive system among fetuses and newborns. The study was conducted as a prospective cohort study involving 298 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal ultrasound examinations were conducted at 18–22 and 30–34 weeks of gestation, while neonatal examinations were performed within the first 5 days of life. During the study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the ultrasound examination were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that congenital anomalies of the digestive system were detected in 26 (8.7%) cases, with the ultrasound examination demonstrating a sensitivity of 80.8% and specificity of 95.9%. The combined application of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound examinations enabled an increase in overall diagnostic accuracy up to 93.5%. The results demonstrate that ultrasound examination is an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of congenital anomalies and confirm that its greatest diagnostic accuracy is achieved when utilized in combination during both prenatal and neonatal periods. Keywords: ultrasound examination, prenatal diagnosis, newborn, congenital anomaly, digestive system, diagnostic accuracy
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 160
ending page: 166
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1944

PRENATAL AND NEONATAL ULTRASOUND SCREENING IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of prenatal and neonatal ultrasound screening in the early detection of congenital malformations of the digestive organs. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 312 pregnant women and their newborns. Prenatal screening was performed at 18-22 and 30-34 weeks of gestation, and neonatal screening during the first 7 days of life. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the method were evaluated. Results: Congenital anomalies of the digestive organs were detected in 28 (9.0%) fetuses/newborns. The sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound was 82.1%, and the specificity was 96.4%. Neonatal ultrasound increased the overall diagnostic accuracy to 94.2%. Conclusion: Combined prenatal and neonatal ultrasound screening is a highly effective method for the early diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the digestive system and facilitates timely clinical intervention. Keywords: ultrasound, prenatal diagnosis, newborns, congenital anomalies, digestive system, screening.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Bekchanova Shoira Zarifovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 151
ending page: 159
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1943

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AND COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (A CASE STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA REGION)
type: item
description: This study is devoted to the assessment of left ventricular remodeling processes, echocardiographic parameters, and prognostic significance of complications in patients after myocardial infarction, based on clinical observations in the Kashkadarya region. Myocardial infarction remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and post-infarction remodeling of the myocardium plays a crucial role in determining long-term outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate structural and functional changes in the left ventricle using echocardiography and to analyze their relationship with the development of early and late complications. The research included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of myocardial infarction, who underwent comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination, including echocardiographic evaluation. Key parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thickness, and regional contractility were analyzed. The results demonstrated that adverse remodeling patterns, characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced systolic function, were associated with a higher incidence of complications, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and recurrent ischemic events. The findings highlight the importance of early echocardiographic assessment in identifying high-risk patients and optimizing individualized management strategies. Regional analysis in the Kashkadarya population also underscores the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches tailored to local healthcare conditions. Keywords: myocardial infarction, left ventricular remodeling, echocardiography, prognosis, complications, heart failure, regional analysis, Kashkadarya region.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Hayitov Isomiddin Ikramovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 139
ending page: 150
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1942

STUDY OF THE DETECTION OF PCR PRODUCTS USING STANDARD AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
type: item
description: This thesis investigates the detection of DNA products obtained through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. The study analyzes the ability to determine the presence, size, and quality of PCR products. The results demonstrate that agarose gel electrophoresis is a simple, accurate, and reliable method. This technique is widely used and plays an important role in molecular biology and genetics. Enter Currently, molecular biology and genetics are one of the fastest growing fields. Scientific research in these areas serves to deeply study the genetic structure of living organisms, identify hereditary diseases, and improve biotechnological processes. In particular, the analysis of the DNA molecule and the identification of its components remains one of the main tasks of modern biology. In this regard, methods for amplifying and identifying DNA fragments are of great scientific and practical importance. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most important methods for amplifying DNA fragments in vitro. This method can be used to amplify very small amounts of DNA samples to millions of copies in a short time. PCR technology is widely used in medicine for early detection of diseases, in forensics for personal identification, and in agriculture for genetic selection. Therefore, the detection of PCR products and their quality assessment are important stages. There are various methods for analyzing the products obtained after the PCR process, among which the agarose gel electrophoresis method is considered the most common and effective. This method is based on the separation of DNA molecules according to their size under the influence of an electric field. With the help of agarose gel electrophoresis, it is possible to determine the length of DNA fragments, confirm their presence, and assess the success of the amplification process. The advantages of the agarose gel electrophoresis method are its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Sharipova Saodat Tursunbaevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 134
ending page: 138
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1938

MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER AND METHODS OF THEIR TREATMENT
type: item
description: The analysis of the study results demonstrated the significance of determining the serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. In combination with immunological indicators, this marker helps diagnose severe forms of the disease process and is also important in predicting the risk of recurrence. A comprehensive approach to immunodiagnostics, virological diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis of disease progression was developed depending on immune status indicators, virological characteristics of Epstein–Barr virus, and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Abduavaz Abdullakhatovich Ganiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 124
ending page: 133
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1937

ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY AND ITS ROLE IN MICROCIRCULATION
type: item
description: This article examines erythrocyte deformability—the ability of red blood cells to change their shape—and its fundamental importance in the process of microcirculation. The study analyzes molecular factors affecting erythrocyte flexibility, particularly the role of membrane proteins and intracellular viscosity. Using ektacytometry and microfiltration methods, blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with various pathologies (such as diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension) were comparatively studied. The results indicate that reduced erythrocyte deformability increases blood viscosity, leading to tissue hypoxia and microvascular complications. The article concludes with findings on the clinical significance of improving erythrocyte rheological properties. Keywords: erythrocyte deformability, microcirculation, hemorheology, capillary flow, ektacytometry, viscosity, membrane elasticity, hypoxia
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Marifaliyeva Moxidil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 117
ending page: 123
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1930

THE ROLE OF QUADRUPLE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY UNSUITABLE FOR REVASCULARIZATION: A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
type: item
description: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders and remains the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. In developed countries, CAD is the major cause of heart failure, accounting for nearly 60% of chronic heart failure cases. This clinical case demonstrates the management of a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure following myocardial infarction. The treatment of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and the selection of optimal quadruple therapy remain a major clinical challenge for cardiologists. Considering the increasing number of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who are not candidates for coronary revascularization, this clinical case is of particular importance. Quadruple therapy (ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNI, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors) represents the cornerstone of treatment in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who are not suitable for revascularization. This therapeutic strategy improves quality of life, enhances prognosis, prolongs survival, and reduces hospitalization and mortality associated with heart failure. Keywords: ischemic cardiomyopathy, quadruple therapy, revascularization, heart failure.
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Yakubov A.B
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 106
ending page: 116
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1929

STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
type: item
description: Annotation. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe pathological condition resulting from damage to the vertebral column and spinal cord, accompanied by impairment of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. This paper examines the structure of SCI , including the anatomical features of the spine and spinal cord, injury mechanisms, and morphological and functional changes associated with various types of injury. Particular attention is paid to the classification of injuries, their clinical manifestations, and the importance of timely diagnosis. Based on the data analysis, approaches to assessing the severity of injury and preventing complications have been developed. SCI is a pressing issue in practical medicine. The incidence of SCI is steadily increasing. According to literature reports, the proportion of spinal fractures in the overall structure of skeletal trauma has ranged from 2 to 18% of cases in recent years, with an upward trend. Damage to the spinal cord and its roots accounts for approximately 20% of all spinal injuries. Disability due to spinal cord injury hovers around 80%, two-thirds of whom are people of working age. Mortality from complicated spinal cord injury also remains high, reaching 35% according to summary statistics. The literature reviewed above clearly illustrates not only the prevalence and severity of spinal cord injury but also the importance of treating victims at all stages of surgical care. It is known that the key conditions for adequate surgical treatment of complicated spinal injury in the acute period include decompression of the spinal cord and its roots, correction of post-traumatic deformity, stabilization of vertebral segments, and prevention of degenerative changes in the spine and spinal cord. While the need for decompression in cases of spinal cord and root compression is currently non-negotiable and should be performed without fail, the choice of method for stabilization and correction of post-traumatic deformity remains cont…
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Abdukhamidova Robiyakhan Afzalkhujaevna
creator: Abdukodirova Nodima Khabibullaevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 152
ending page: 158
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1927

DIABETES MELLITUS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It has emerged as a major global health concern, affecting over 500 million individuals worldwide. The increasing prevalence of diabetes is closely associated with lifestyle changes, urbanization, obesity, and genetic predisposition. This article provides a comprehensive and expanded analysis of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and modern management strategies. Special attention is given to the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Xakimova Madina Azizbek Qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 144
ending page: 151
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1926

CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SKIN LESIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA
type: item
description: Relevance of the problem. Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is one of the most important medical and social problems of congenital pathology due to its progressive course, multiorgan involvement, and often unfavorable outcome. Data on the prevalence of CTD are contradictory: the detection rate of individual manifestations in the population varies from 8.5% to 85.4%, which is due to different classification and diagnostic approaches. Currently, differentiated and undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) are distinguished. UCTD is diagnosed when a patient's set of phenotypic features does not fit the clinical picture of any known differentiated hereditary disease . The literature contains numerous publications on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system damage in UCTD. According to the authors, skin pathology in UCTD reaches 18.0%. However, the description and frequency of manifestations of individual signs of skin pathology in different studies are contradictory, and their diagnostic significance has not been determined. Few studies by dermatologists have been devoted to assessing the impact of the dysplastic process on the course of associated skin pathology. A direct correlation has been established between the severity of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis and the severity of CTD. Researchers point to the pathogenetic significance of a deficiency of copper, zinc, and magnesium ions in the development of the main clinical symptoms of CTD [82]. It has been established that a deficiency of these micro- and macroelements leads to increased degradation of collagen and elastin fibers, as well as hyaluronan polysaccharide threads , which ultimately leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of connective tissue. However, the diagnostic significance of determining the level of micro- and macroelements in patients with CTD, its relationship between external and internal signs, and minor developmental anomalies (MDAs) has not been sufficiently stud…
subject: Original Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Sattarova Dilafruz Abdujamilovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 100
ending page: 105
doi: 10.22159/prl.ijnms.v15i02 (March-April).1925