International Journal of Nursing and Medical Science (IJNMS) ISSN 2454-6674
International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences (IJNMS) International Journal of Nursing and Medical Sciences is an international scholarly referred research journal of Nursing & Medical Education and Research published quarterly. Areas of publication are: Adult medical-surgical nursing, Ethics and legal issues in nursing, Geriatric nursing, Maternal-child nursing, Medication administration, Midwifery, Nursing theory, Pediatric nursing, Psychiatric nursing, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Biomechanics, Biostatistics, Biophysics, Cardiology, Community medicine, Cytology, Dentistry etc.
THE ROLE OF RADIATION DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN DETERMINING THE PREVALENCE OF FOCAL THYROID LESIONS IN THE KHOREZM REGION
Focal thyroid lesions are increasingly detected worldwide due to the widespread use of advanced imaging technologies. This study evaluates the role of radiation diagnostic methods in assessing the prevalence, structural characteristics, and clinical significance of focal thyroid lesions in the Khorezm region, a population potentially affected by iodine deficiency. A cross-sectional observational study included 450 patients undergoing thyroid imaging with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound served as the primary screening tool, with nodules classified according to the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS). CT identified incidental nodules and assessed anatomical relationships, while MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging, provided additional tissue characterization. Results showed a prevalence of 62% for focal thyroid lesions, predominantly in females (70%) and individuals over 40 years (65%). Most nodules were classified as low-risk (TI-RADS 2–3). Ultrasound demonstrated the highest sensitivity (95%), MRI showed superior specificity (90%), and CT contributed to anatomical assessment and incidental detection. The integration of multiple diagnostic methods enhances epidemiological assessment and supports early clinical decision-making. These findings highlight the need for standardized imaging protocols and region-specific screening strategies to optimize thyroid disease management.
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ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF HEMODYNAMIC INCOMPETENCE OF THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN VALVE
Cerebral venous outflow is a critically important component of brain hemodynamics, and its impairment is considered a significant pathogenetic factor in the development of chronic cerebrovascular dyscirculation. The internal jugular vein (IJV) functions as the main conduit for venous return from the cranial cavity. Its valvular apparatus provides an anti-reflux mechanism, preventing retrograde transmission of intrathoracic pressure in the cranial direction. Valvular incompetence leads to pathological retrograde blood flow, venous hypertension, and microcirculatory disturbances, contributing to the development of venous encephalopathy and cognitive dysfunction.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM FOR DETECTING EYE DISEASES USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt (sun’iy intellekt) va mashinaviy o‘qitish texnologiyalari asosida ko‘z kasalliklarini erta aniqlashga mo‘ljallangan dasturiy yechim ishlab chiqildi. Model sifatida chuqur o‘rganishga asoslangan konvolyutsion neyron tarmoqlari qo‘llanildi. Natijada ko‘z kasalliklarini aniqlash aniqligi sezilarli darajada oshdi, diagnostika jarayonini avtomatlashtirish va oftalmologik amaliyot samaradorligini kuchaytirish imkoniyati yaratildi. Аннотатция. В статье разработано программное решение для раннего выявления заболеваний глаз с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта и машинного обучения. В качестве модели использовались сверточные нейронные сети, основанные на технологиях глубокого обучения. Полученные результаты показали значительное повышение точности диагностики и возможность автоматизации офтальмологических процессов. Abstract. This article presents a software solution designed for early detection of eye diseases using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. Convolutional neural networks based on deep learning were utilized as the primary model. The proposed system demonstrates significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and enables automation of ophthalmic examination workflows. Kalit so‘zlar: sun’iy intellekt, mashinaviy o‘qitish, chuqur o‘rganish, ko‘z kasalliklari, tibbiy diagnostika, neyron tarmoq, retinal tasvirlar. Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, машинное обучение, глубокое обучение, заболевания глаз, медицинская диагностика, нейронная сеть, изображения сетчатки.
THE ROLE OF 6-BROMOQUINAZOLINE-2,4-DIONE IN MODERN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: STRUCTURAL FEATURES, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, AND THERAPEUTIC PROSPECTS
Quinazoline derivatives represent a prominent class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with extensive applications in medicinal chemistry. Among them, quinazoline-2,4-dione scaffolds have attracted considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. The incorporation of halogen atoms, particularly bromine at the C-6 position, significantly alters the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of these molecules. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of 6-bromoquinazoline-2,4-dione, focusing on its structural characteristics, synthetic methodologies, and pharmacological potential. Special emphasis is placed on its anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial activities, along with a discussion of molecular mechanisms and future therapeutic perspectives.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN’S AND ADOLESCENTS’ HEALTH
This article examines in detail the role of modern innovative technologies in protecting the health of children and adolescents, as well as their practical application and effectiveness. In particular, it analyzes the significance of biotechnologies, genetic research, remote monitoring systems, and digital platforms in strengthening the health of young people. The study also highlights the role of innovative approaches in prevention and in promoting a healthy lifestyle.
THE HUMAN BRAIN AS A CONTROL CENTER AND ITS FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada inson miyasi boshqaruv markazi sifatida uning tuzilishi va funksional imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Markaziy nerv tizimining asosiy qismi bo‘lgan miya harakat, sezgi, fikrlash va muvofiqlashtirish jarayonlarini boshqaradi. Tadqiqot davomida miya tuzilishi, neyronlar faoliyati va uning murakkab funksional imkoniyatlari ilmiy asosda yoritildi. Kalit so‘zlar: inson miyasi, markaziy nerv tizimi, neyronlar, boshqaruv markazi, funksional faoliyat, anatomiya. Аннотация. В статье рассматривается мозг человека как главный центр управления и его функциональные возможности. Мозг как часть центральной нервной системы регулирует движения, ощущения, мышление и координацию. В исследовании анализируются структура мозга, активность нейронов и его сложные функциональные особенности. Ключевые слова: мозг человека, центральная нервная система, нейроны, центр управления, функции, анатомия. Abstract. This article examines the human brain as the main control center of the body and analyzes its functional capabilities. The brain, as a central part of the nervous system, regulates movement, sensory perception, cognition, and coordination. The study focuses on brain structure, neuronal activity, and its complex functional potential.
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD): ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION, GROWTH IMPAIRMENT, AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada yod yetishmovchiligining inson organizmiga, ayniqsa endokrin tizim faoliyatiga ta’siri kompleks ravishda tahlil qilinadi. Yod qalqonsimon bez gormonlari — tiroksin (T4) va triyodtironin (T3) sintezi uchun zarur mikroelement hisoblanadi va uning yetishmovchiligi gormonal disbalansga olib keladi. Tadqiqotda yod tanqisligining o‘sish va rivojlanishga salbiy ta’siri, jumladan, bo‘y o‘sishining sekinlashuvi, metabolizm buzilishi va tana vaznining ortishi kabi holatlar ko‘rib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, ayollarda reproduktiv salomatlik buzilishlari, gormonal funksiyalarning izdan chiqishi hamda homila rivojlanishidagi kechikishlar yoritilgan. Maqolada yod yetishmovchiligining asosiy sabablari, jumladan, oziq-ovqat tarkibida yodning yetarli emasligi va ekologik omillar tahlil qilinadi hamda profilaktik chora-tadbirlar asoslab beriladi. Kalit so‘zlar: yod yetishmovchiligi, qalqonsimon bez, T3 va T4 gormonlari, endokrin tizim, o‘sish buzilishi, reproduktiv salomatlik Аннотация. В данной статье комплексно рассматривается влияние дефицита йода на организм человека, особенно на функционирование эндокринной системы. Йод является важным микроэлементом, необходимым для синтеза гормонов щитовидной железы — тироксина (T4) и трийодтиронина (T3), и его недостаток приводит к гормональному дисбалансу. В исследовании анализируется влияние дефицита йода на процессы роста и развития, включая замедление роста, нарушения обмена веществ и увеличение массы тела. Особое внимание уделено нарушениям репродуктивного здоровья у женщин, дисфункции гормональной системы и задержке развития плода. Также рассматриваются основные причины дефицита йода, включая недостаточное содержание йода в питании и влияние экологических факторов, а также предлагаются профилактические меры. Ключевые слова: дефицит йода, щитовидная железа, гормоны T3 и T4, эндокринная система, рост, репродуктивное здоровье Abstract. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of iodine deficiency on the human body, with a particular focus on the endocrine system. Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones — thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and its deficiency leads to hormonal imbalance. The study examines the negative impact of iodine deficiency on growth and development, including growth retardation, metabolic disturbances, and weight gain. In addition, particular attention is given to reproductive health disorders in women, hormonal dysfunction, and delayed fetal development. The article also analyzes the main causes of iodine deficiency, such as insufficient dietary intake and environmental factors, and highlights effective preventive measures.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS OF THE HUMAN HEART AS A BIOLOGICAL PUMP
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada inson yuragining tuzilishi va uning ishlash mexanizmi anatomik hamda fiziologik jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Yurakning asosiy qismlari, jumladan bo‘lmachalar, qorinchalar, yurak klapanlari va o‘tkazuvchi tizimi faoliyati o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, qon aylanish tizimidagi roli, yurak sikli bosqichlari hamda yurak mushagining qisqarish mexanizmi ilmiy asosda yoritib beriladi. Tadqiqot natijalari yurak faoliyatini tushunishda muhim nazariy va amaliy ahamiyatga ega. Kalit so‘zlar: yurak, anatomiya, qon aylanish, yurak sikli, miokard, fiziologiya Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются анатомическое строение и функциональные механизмы работы сердца человека. Изучаются основные отделы сердца, включая предсердия, желудочки, клапаны и проводящую систему. Особое внимание уделяется роли сердца в системе кровообращения, фазам сердечного цикла и механизмам сокращения сердечной мышцы. Полученные результаты имеют важное значение для понимания физиологии сердечно-сосудистой системы. Ключевые слова: сердце, анатомия, кровообращение, сердечный цикл, миокард, физиология Abstract. This article analyzes the anatomical structure and functional mechanisms of the human heart as a vital organ responsible for blood circulation. The study focuses on the main components of the heart, including atria, ventricles, heart valves, and the conduction system. Particular attention is given to the cardiac cycle, mechanisms of myocardial contraction, and the role of the heart in systemic and pulmonary circulation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cardiovascular physiology and its biological significance.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM: CLINICAL, LABORATORY, AND INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada gipotireoz kasalligini zamonaviy tashxislash usullari kompleks tarzda tahlil qilinadi. Gipotireoz qalqonsimon bez gormonlari yetishmovchiligi bilan tavsiflanib, organizmda metabolik jarayonlarning sekinlashuviga olib keladi. Tadqiqotda klinik belgilar, laborator tekshiruvlar, xususan, tireotrop gormon (TSH), tiroksin (T4) va triyodtironin (T3) darajalarini aniqlash usullari hamda instrumental diagnostika, jumladan, ultratovush tekshiruvlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, kasallikni erta aniqlashning ahamiyati va zamonaviy diagnostik yondashuvlarning afzalliklari tahlil qilingan. Kalit so‘zlar: gipotireoz, qalqonsimon bez, TSH, T3, T4, diagnostika, ultratovush tekshiruvi Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются современные методы диагностики гипотиреоза. Гипотиреоз характеризуется недостаточной выработкой гормонов щитовидной железы, что приводит к замедлению метаболических процессов в организме. В исследовании анализируются клинические признаки, лабораторные методы диагностики, включая определение уровня тиреотропного гормона (TSH), тироксина (T4) и трийодтиронина (T3), а также инструментальные методы, в частности ультразвуковое исследование. Особое внимание уделяется значению ранней диагностики и преимуществам современных диагностических подходов. Ключевые слова: гипотиреоз, щитовидная железа, TSH, T3, T4, диагностика, ультразвук Abstract. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern diagnostic methods of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, leading to a slowdown of metabolic processes in the body. The study examines clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnostic methods including the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine levels, as well as instrumental approaches such as ultrasound examination. Particular attention is given to the importance of early diagnosis and the advantages of modern diagnostic strategies in improving patient outcomes.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM AND A DEAD HUMAN ORGANISM
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada tirik va o‘lik organizm o‘rtasidagi fundamental farqlar biokimyoviy jarayonlar, hujayra darajasidagi metabolizm hamda fiziologik funksiyalarning to‘xtashi nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda gomeostazning buzilishi va o‘limdan keyingi destruktiv o‘zgarishlarning asosiy bosqichlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: gomeostaz, metabolizm, anabolizm, katabolizm, autoliz, fiziologik funksiyalar, biologik o‘lim, klinik o‘lim, hujayra darajasi Аннотация. В данной статье анализируются фундаментальные различия между живым и мёртвым организмом с точки зрения биохимических процессов, клеточного метаболизма и прекращения физиологических функций. В исследовании рассматриваются нарушение гомеостаза и основные этапы постмортальных деструктивных изменений. Ключевые слова: гомеостаз, метаболизм, анаболизм, катаболизм, аутолиз, физиологические функции, биологическая смерть, клиническая смерть, клеточный уровень Annotation. This article analyzes the fundamental differences between a living and a dead organism from the perspective of biochemical processes, cellular metabolism, and the cessation of physiological functions. The study examines the disruption of homeostasis and the main stages of postmortem destructive changes.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS OF THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND LUNGS
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada inson nafas olish tizimining tuzilishi va o‘pkalarning faoliyati anatomik hamda fiziologik jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Nafas olish yo‘llari, alveolalar, gaz almashinuvi jarayoni va o‘pka ventilyatsiyasi mexanizmlari ilmiy asosda yoritib beriladi. Tashqi va ichki nafas olish jarayonlarining o‘zaro bog‘liqligi va ularning organizm hayotidagi ahamiyati ko‘rsatib beriladi. Kalit so‘zlar: nafas olish tizimi, o‘pka, alveola, gaz almashinuvi, ventilyatsiya, anatomiya. Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются анатомическое строение дыхательной системы человека и функциональные механизмы работы лёгких. Анализируются дыхательные пути, альвеолы, процессы газообмена и вентиляции лёгких. Особое внимание уделяется взаимосвязи внешнего и внутреннего дыхания и их роли в жизнедеятельности организма. Ключевые слова: дыхательная система, лёгкие, альвеолы, газообмен, вентиляция, анатомия. Abstract. This article examines the anatomical structure of the human respiratory system and the functional mechanisms of the lungs. It analyzes the respiratory tract, alveolar structure, gas exchange processes, and lung ventilation. Special attention is given to the interaction between external and internal respiration and their importance for maintaining physiological balance in the human body.
THE USE OF FIG IN NUTRITION AND MEDICINE
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada anjir mevasining oziq-ovqat va tibbiyotdagi qo‘llanilishi tahlil qilingan. Unda anjirning kimyoviy tarkibi, foydali xususiyatlari hamda inson salomatligiga ijobiy ta’siri yoritilgan. Shuningdek, anjirning oziq-ovqat sanoatidagi o‘rni, turli mahsulotlar tayyorlashda qo‘llanilishi va xalq tabobatidagi ahamiyati ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida anjirning tabiiy, shifobaxsh va yuqori oziqaviy qiymatga ega mahsulot ekanligi asoslab berilgan. Kalit so‘zlar: anjir, anjir mevasi, oziq-ovqat mahsuloti, tibbiyot, foydali xususiyatlar, vitaminlar, minerallar, xalq tabobati, sog‘liq, ovqat hazm qilish. Аннотация. В данной статье анализируется использование плодов инжира в пищевой промышленности и медицине. Рассматриваются химический состав инжира, его полезные свойства и положительное влияние на здоровье человека. Также изучается роль инжира в пищевой промышленности, его применение при производстве различных продуктов и значение в народной медицине. В результате исследования обосновано, что инжир является натуральным продуктом с лечебными свойствами и высокой пищевой ценностью. Ключевые слова: инжир, плоды инжира, пищевой продукт, медицина, полезные свойства, витамины, минералы, народная медицина, здоровье, пищеварение Annotation. This article analyzes the use of fig fruit in nutrition and medicine. It examines the chemical composition of figs, their beneficial properties, and their positive effects on human health. The study also considers the role of figs in the food industry, their application in the production of various products, and their significance in traditional medicine. The research substantiates that figs are a natural product with medicinal properties and high nutritional value.
FORMATION OF 1000 SEED WEIGHT IN DYE-YIELDING PLANTS UNDER THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SURKHANDARYA AND INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada Surxondaryo ekologik sharoitida bo‘yoq beruvchi o‘simliklarda 1000 dona urug‘ vaznining shakllanishi va unga ta’sir etuvchi fiziologik hamda biokimyoviy omillar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida urug‘ shakllanish jarayoniga harorat, tuproq namligi, fotosintez intensivligi va o‘simlikdagi modda almashinuvi jarayonlarining ta’siri o‘rganildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, optimal agroekologik sharoitlarda urug‘ vazni sezilarli darajada oshadi va bu o‘simlikning umumiy hosildorligiga bevosita ta’sir qiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: bo‘yoq beruvchi o‘simliklar, 1000 dona urug‘ vazni, Surxondaryo viloyati, fiziologik omillar, biokimyoviy jarayonlar, fotosintez, hosildorlik. Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается формирование массы 1000 семян у красильных растений в экологических условиях Сурхандарьинской области и влияние физиологических и биохимических факторов. В ходе исследования изучено влияние температуры, влажности почвы, интенсивности фотосинтеза и метаболических процессов на формирование семян. Результаты показали, что при оптимальных условиях масса семян увеличивается и положительно влияет на общую урожайность растений. Ключевые слова: красильные растения, масса 1000 семян, Сурхандарьинская область, физиологические факторы, биохимические процессы, фотосинтез, урожайность. Abstract. This article examines the formation of 1000-seed weight in dye-yielding plants under the ecological conditions of the Surkhandarya region and analyzes the influence of physiological and biochemical factors. The study evaluates the effects of temperature, soil moisture, photosynthetic activity, and metabolic processes on seed development. The results indicate that optimal environmental conditions significantly increase seed weight and positively affect overall plant productivity.
VEGETATION PERIOD OF ISATIS TINCTORIA L. UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SURKHANDARYA REGION AND AGROECOLOGICAL FACTORS REGULATING IT
Annotatsiya. Mazkur tadqiqotda Surxondaryo viloyati sharoitida Isatis tinctoria L. o‘simligining vegetatsiya davri va uni boshqaruvchi agroekologik omillar tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot davomida o‘simlikning rivojlanish bosqichlari, jumladan unib chiqish, vegetativ o‘sish, gullash va urug‘ hosil qilish fazalari o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, harorat, tuproq namligi, yorug‘lik intensivligi va tuproq tarkibi kabi omillarning o‘simlik fenologiyasiga ta’siri aniqlab berildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, optimal agroekologik sharoitlarda Isatis tinctoria L. o‘simligining vegetatsiya davri sezilarli darajada qisqaradi va biologik faol moddalarning to‘planishi jadallashadi. Tadqiqot natijalari ushbu o‘simlikni mintaqaviy agroekotizimlarda samarali yetishtirish va boshqarish uchun ilmiy asos bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: Isatis tinctoria, vegetatsiya davri, agroekologik omillar, fenologiya, Surxondaryo, dorivor o‘simliklar Аннотация. В данном исследовании проанализированы вегетационный период растения Isatis tinctoria L. в условиях Сурхандарьинской области и агроэкологические факторы, влияющие на него. В ходе исследования были изучены основные фазы развития растения, включая прорастание, вегетативный рост, цветение и формирование семян. Особое внимание уделено влиянию температуры, влажности почвы, интенсивности освещения и состава почвы на фенологические особенности растения. Полученные результаты показали, что при оптимальных агроэкологических условиях вегетационный период Isatis tinctoria L. сокращается, а накопление биологически активных веществ увеличивается. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для эффективного выращивания данного растения в региональных агроэкосистемах. Ключевые слова: Isatis tinctoria, вегетационный период, агроэкологические факторы, фенология, Сурхандарьинская область, лекарственные растения Abstract. This study examines the vegetation period of Isatis tinctoria L. under the environmental conditions of the Surkhandarya region and identifies the key agroecological factors regulating its growth and development. The research focuses on major phenological stages, including germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and seed formation. Particular attention is given to the effects of temperature, soil moisture, light intensity, and soil composition on plant development. The findings indicate that under optimal agroecological conditions, the vegetation period of Isatis tinctoria L. is reduced, while the accumulation of biologically active compounds is significantly enhanced. These results provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation strategies and sustainable management of this plant species in regional agroecosystems.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF LUNG CANCER IN KHOREZM REGION
This study provides a retrospective epidemiological assessment of lung cancer cases registered in the Khorezm region. The main objective of the research was to examine long-term patterns of morbidity, evaluate incidence trends, and analyze age-, gender-, and territory-related characteristics of disease distribution. The results of the study may serve as an important scientific basis for improving preventive strategies, strengthening epidemiological surveillance, and enhancing public health interventions aimed at controlling lung cancer in the region.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS A IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN (2017–2024)
The article presents a detailed epidemiological characterization of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in the Republic of Karakalpakstan for the 2017–2024. A retrospective analysis of morbidity dynamics by age groups was conducted. A wave-like pattern of the epidemic process was established, with a decrease in incidence rates in 2020–2021 and the formation of a new rise in 2023–2024. It was revealed that the main proportion of cases occurs among children aged 1–5 and 6–14 years. The obtained results indicate the need to strengthen preventive and sanitary-hygienic measures.
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PILATES EXERCISE TRAINING ON SELECTED POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN IN IMPROVING PAIN, FLEXIBILITY AND ENDURANCE IN SELECTED VILLAGE AREA OF NEMAWAR
Low back pain is a major global health concern affecting individuals across all age groups. However, postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable due to physiological changes that occur during menopause. The decline in estrogen levels during menopause contributes to decreased bone density, reduced muscle strength, and degenerative changes in the vertebral column. These changes increase susceptibility to musculoskeletal problems, particularly non-specific low back pain. Non-specific low back pain refers to pain in the lumbar region that is not associated with identifiable pathological causes such as fracture, infection, or malignancy. It is usually related to muscular imbalance, poor posture, weak core muscles, and reduced flexibility. Among postmenopausal women, prolonged household activities, agricultural work, lifting heavy loads, and lack of regular physical exercise can further aggravate spinal discomfort.
Copyright (c) 2024 Preeti Pal, Preeti Pal, Dr. Sneha Sahay Youtham , Dr. Sneha Sahay Youtham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF DESIGNED EDUCATION PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF MENTALLY ILL AMONG ANCESTORS OF MENTALLY ILL CLIENTS AT A SELECTED HOSPITAL, UTTAR PRADESH
Mental illness is commonly associated with stigma, discrimination, and inadequate awareness of constitutional rights, especially among family members responsible for the care of mentally ill individuals. Lack of knowledge of legal safeguards can lead to human rights violations and delayed treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a designed education programme on knowledge regarding constitutional rights of mentally ill among ancestors of mentally ill clients in a selected hospital of Uttar Pradesh. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. Forty ancestors of mentally ill clients were selected using purposive sampling at Shantanu Multi-Specialty Hospital, Lucknow during March 2024. Findings revealed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores after implementation of the designed education programme. The programme was found to be highly effective. The study suggests the need for continuous educational interventions in psychiatric care settings to empower families and ensure protection of legal rights.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mr. Ajay Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HUMAN RIGHTS OF MENTALLY ILL AMONG B.Sc. NURSING STUDENTS AT SELECTED COLLEGES IN PRATAGARH, UTTAR PRADESH
Violation of human rights of mentally ill individuals remains a major social and healthcare concern in India. Mental Healthcare Act (MHCA) 2017 ensures dignity, autonomy, and legal protection for individuals with mental illness, yet nursing students—the upcoming mental health professionals—still demonstrate limited awareness of these rights. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding human rights of mentally ill among B.Sc. Nursing students in selected colleges of Pratagarh, Uttar Pradesh. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. A total of 60 B.Sc. Nursing students were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected with a structured knowledge questionnaire. The result showed that the post-test mean score (24.83) was significantly higher than the pre-test mean score (11.62). A paired t-test value of 18.45 revealed statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05), confirming that the planned teaching programme was highly effective.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A NURSE-LED WEB-BASED HOME ASTHMA EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS OF DEWAS, MADHYA PRADESH
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. The condition often begins during childhood and can significantly affect physical activity, school attendance, and overall quality of life. Asthma remains a major public health concern globally due to its increasing prevalence and the burden it places on healthcare systems. According to the World Health Organization, more than 262 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, and the disease contributes to a significant number of hospitalizations and healthcare visits each year. Among these, children represent a substantial proportion of affected individuals.
A STUDY OF HEPATITIS B POSITIVITY DETECTED BY MOLECULAR METHODS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH LABORATORY FINDINGS AMONG HEPATITIS B POSITIVE PATIENTS IN A SELECTED HOSPITAL OF UJJAIN, MADHYA PRADESH
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global public health challenge due to its potential for chronic infection and severe hepatic complications. Molecular diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer high sensitivity and specificity for detecting HBV DNA and estimating viral load. Correlating HBV positivity with routine laboratory findings can enhance clinical interpretation and guide patient management. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B positivity using molecular methods and assess its correlation with laboratory parameters among hepatitis B positive patients in a selected hospital of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 120 patients who tested positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at [Hospital Name], Ujjain. HBV DNA detection and quantification were performed by real-time PCR. Laboratory parameters including liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin), platelet count, and prothrombin time were collected and analyzed. Statistical correlation between viral load and laboratory markers was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 120 HBsAg positive patients, 92 (76.7%) demonstrated detectable HBV DNA by molecular methods. Elevated ALT and AST levels were noted in patients with high viral load. Significant positive correlation was observed between HBV DNA levels and ALT (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and AST (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). Platelet count showed an inverse correlation with HBV DNA levels (r = –0.42, p = 0.002). No significant correlation was detected between HBV DNA levels and total bilirubin or ALP. Conclusion: Molecular detection of HBV DNA demonstrated a high positivity rate among HBsAg positive patients. Significant correlations between viral load and key liver enzymes suggest that elevated liver enzymes reflect active viral replication. Integration of molecular diagnostics with routine laboratory findings enhances clinical assessment and decision-making in HBV management.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF SYSTEMATICALLY DESIGNED HEALTH-FOSTERING NURSING INTERVENTIONS ON THE RECONFIGURATION OF BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS AND AUGMENTATION OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG CLIENTS WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME RECE
Alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) represents a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive alcohol consumption, impaired control over drinking, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent use despite harmful consequences. Globally and nationally, alcohol dependence has emerged as a major public health concern, exerting profound biological, psychological, social, and economic burdens on individuals, families, and health systems. In India, rapid urbanization, changing socio-cultural norms, occupational stressors, and easy availability of alcohol have contributed to a steady rise in alcohol use disorders, particularly among adult males in urban and semi-urban regions. Alcohol use disorders constitute a significant proportion of the global burden of disease and are increasingly recognized as a major public health and socio-economic challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, alcohol consumption accounts for approximately 3 million deaths annually, representing about 5–6% of all global mortality. Alcohol use is a major risk factor for more than 200 disease and injury conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, cancers, and injuries due to violence and road traffic accidents. The Global Burden of Disease estimates attribute nearly 5% of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost worldwide to alcohol use, underscoring its profound impact on population health.
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF DESIGNED HEALTH-FOSTERING NURSING INTERVENTIONS ON THE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS AND AUGMENTATION OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG CLIENTS WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME RECEIVING TREATMENT AT A SELECTED DE-ADDICTION CENTRE IN UJJ
Background: Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) contributes significantly to morbidity and socio-economic burden, especially in rural settings. Poor medication adherence and maladaptive behavioral patterns are common challenges faced by clients undergoing de-addiction treatment. Nursing interventions that enhance self-care, reinforce adherence, and foster health-promoting behaviors may improve treatment outcomes. Objective: To assess the effect of designed health-fostering nursing interventions on behavioral patterns and medication adherence among clients with ADS receiving treatment at a selected de-addiction centre in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-post design was used. A purposive sample of 50 clients diagnosed with ADS and undergoing treatment at a rural de-addiction centre was selected. Baseline assessment of behavioral patterns and medication adherence was conducted using validated scales. Participants received structured health-fostering nursing interventions (HFNI) including motivational counseling, relapse prevention education, daily adherence monitoring, and supportive follow-ups over 8 weeks. Post-intervention behaviors and medication adherence were re-assessed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Results: Post-intervention scores showed significant improvement in adaptive behavioral patterns (Mean difference = 10.24, p < 0.001) and medication adherence (Mean difference = 1.98, p < 0.001) compared to pre-intervention scores. Conclusion: Structured health-fostering nursing interventions significantly improved behavioral patterns and medication adherence among clients with ADS. Integrating these interventions into de-addiction care can enhance treatment success and long-term recovery.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF A COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAM ON OBESITY-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGES OF BHOPAL, MADHYA PRADESH
Background: Obesity among young adults is increasingly associated with metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, impaired glucose regulation, and central adiposity. College students are particularly vulnerable due to sedentary lifestyles, irregular dietary habits, and academic stress. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a comprehensive health promotion program on obesity-associated metabolic risk factors among college students in selected colleges of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used. A total of 70 college students (39 males and 31 females) were selected using purposive sampling. Baseline assessment included Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels. A 12-week comprehensive health promotion intervention consisting of nutrition education, structured physical activity, lifestyle counseling, and behavioral modification strategies was implemented. Post-test measurements were conducted after completion of the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Significant reductions were observed in mean BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels after the intervention (p < 0.05). The program demonstrated overall effectiveness in improving metabolic risk profiles among participants. Conclusion: The comprehensive health promotion program significantly reduced obesity-associated metabolic risk factors among college students. Structured institutional interventions can play a critical role in preventing long-term metabolic disorders in young adults.
A SCHOOL-BASED, NURSE-LED STUDY TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF A COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAM ON OBESITY-ASSOCIATED METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS OF PUNJAB
Background: Adolescent obesity is a major public health concern associated with increased metabolic risk factors and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023; Gupta et al., 2012). School-based interventions led by nurses may play a crucial role in prevention and management. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive nurse-led health promotion program on obesity-related metabolic risk indicators and health-related behaviors among adolescents in selected schools of Madhya Pradesh. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Fifty adolescents aged 13–17 years were selected through purposive sampling. Baseline data on Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and health-related behaviors were collected using standardized tools. A 12-week nurse-led intervention comprising nutrition education, structured physical activity, behavioral counselling, and parental involvement was implemented. Post-intervention assessments were conducted using the same tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Paired t-test analysis showed statistically significant reductions in BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), and fasting blood glucose (p < 0.01). Significant improvements were also observed in physical activity levels, dietary practices, and reduction in sedentary behavior (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The nurse-led comprehensive health promotion program significantly improved metabolic risk indicators and health-related behaviors among adolescents. School-based nurse-led interventions can serve as an effective strategy to combat adolescent obesity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jasvir Kaur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN EVALUATIVE STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A DESIGNED INSTRUCTIONAL INTERVENTION IN AUGMENTING AWARENESS AND READINESS FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE RELATED TO ABUSIVE CONDUCT AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE IN A SELECTED COMMUNITY
Background: Alcohol use is a major public health issue and is strongly associated with abusive and violent behavior. Limited awareness and poor readiness for behavioral change among individuals with alcohol use contribute to the persistence of abusive conduct within communities. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a designed instructional intervention in enhancing awareness and readiness for behavioral change related to abusive conduct among individuals with alcohol use. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was adopted. The study was conducted among individuals with alcohol use in a selected community. A structured questionnaire was used to assess awareness regarding abusive conduct and readiness for behavioral change. Following the pretest, a designed instructional intervention was administered. Posttest assessment was conducted after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed a significant improvement in awareness and readiness for behavioral change following the instructional intervention. A statistically significant difference was observed between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The designed instructional intervention was effective in improving awareness and readiness for behavioral change related to abusive conduct among individuals with alcohol use.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A DESIGNED INSTRUCTIONAL INTERVENTION IN ENHANCING AWARENESS AND READINESS FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE RELATED TO ABUSIVE CONDUCT AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE IN A SELECTED COMMUNITY
Background: Alcohol use is a major public health concern and is frequently associated with abusive and violent behavior. Individuals with alcohol use problems often lack awareness regarding the consequences of abusive conduct and show low readiness for behavioral change. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a designed instructional intervention in enhancing awareness and readiness for behavioral change related to abusive conduct among individuals with alcohol use in a selected community. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest research design was adopted. The study was conducted among individuals with alcohol use residing in a selected community. Participants were assessed using structured questionnaires measuring awareness of abusive conduct and readiness for behavioral change. Following the pretest, a designed instructional intervention was administered. Posttest assessment was conducted after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed a significant improvement in awareness regarding abusive conduct and an increased level of readiness for behavioral change after the instructional intervention. A statistically significant difference was observed between pretest and posttest scores. Conclusion: The designed instructional intervention was effective in improving awareness and readiness for behavioral change related to abusive conduct among individuals with alcohol use. Community-based educational interventions can play a vital role in preventing alcohol-related abuse and promoting healthier behaviors.
A REVIEW OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC
Background: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is an established and effective treatment for several severe psychiatric disorders. Despite its clinical efficacy and improved safety profile, ECT continues to be surrounded by stigma, misconceptions, and negative public attitudes. Objective: This review aims to analyze existing literature on the knowledge and attitude of the general public toward Electroconvulsive Therapy and to identify factors influencing public perception. Methods: A narrative review of published literature was conducted using articles from psychiatric, medical, and public health journals. Studies focusing on public knowledge, awareness, beliefs, and attitudes toward ECT were included. Results: The reviewed literature indicates that public knowledge about ECT is generally inadequate. Negative attitudes are common and are often influenced by lack of mental health literacy, media portrayals, cultural beliefs, and educational level. Studies consistently report misconceptions regarding pain, safety, memory loss, and coercion. Conclusion: The general public continues to hold limited knowledge and unfavorable attitudes toward ECT. Public education initiatives and accurate media representation are essential to improve awareness, reduce stigma, and promote informed decision-making regarding mental health treatments.
AN ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS TOWARD ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY AMONG COMMUNITY PEOPLE
Background: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is an effective and evidence-based treatment for several severe psychiatric disorders. Despite its proven clinical benefits, ECT continues to be surrounded by myths, stigma, and misinformation, particularly among the general community. Aim: The present study aimed to assess the level of awareness and attitudes toward Electroconvulsive Therapy among community people. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among community people using a structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables and items related to knowledge and attitudes toward ECT. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed that a majority of participants had limited awareness of ECT. Misconceptions regarding pain, memory loss, and safety were commonly reported. Awareness levels were significantly associated with educational status and previous exposure to mental health information. Conclusion: The study highlights inadequate awareness and prevalent negative perceptions of ECT among community people. Educational and awareness programs are essential to improve public understanding and reduce stigma associated with ECT.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM ON IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ABOUT CERVICAL CANCER AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING SELECTED PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Early detection and preventive measures, including awareness and positive attitudes, are essential for reducing its burden. Structured health education programs have been shown to enhance knowledge and attitudes, promoting early screening and prevention behaviors. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitudes regarding cervical cancer among women attending selected primary health centers. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used. A total of 50 women attending selected primary health centers were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and an attitude scale regarding cervical cancer. The structured teaching program included information about cervical cancer risk factors, signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and the importance of screening. Posttest assessment was conducted one week after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. Results: The study demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge and positive attitudes after the structured teaching program. Mean posttest knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher than pretest scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The structured teaching program was effective in improving knowledge and attitudes regarding cervical cancer among women attending primary health centers. Incorporating such educational interventions into routine primary care can promote preventive behaviors and early detection.