NEUROBEHAVIOURAL SCREENING OF PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM IN ANIMAL MODELS
Abstract
Aim: Pterospermum acerifolium is common plant in India is considered carminative, stimulant and emmenagogue. In the present study, ethanol extract of bark of Pterospermum acerifolium have been evaluated for neurochemical study. Methods: Treatment with ethanolic extract of Pterospermum acerifolium was found to significantly decrease the serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT) and -endorphin (-EP) as well as the brain and serum level of norepinephrine (NE). Furthermore, ethanolic extract of Pterospermum acerifolium was able to significantly reverse the chronic stress by decreasing the brain and serum levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Results: The results obtained from this study suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of ethanolic extract of Pterospermum acerifolium was mediated through regulations of neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems.. From the present study it was concluded that the herbal drugs can be potentially used to control the state of CNS disorders. Conclusions: Further investigations are, however, necessary to explore mechanism(s) of action involved in these pharmacological activities.
Keywords: Pterospermum acerifolium, Neurobehavioural parameters, Epilepsy, Anxiolytic, Muscle relaxant study.
References
Abramson, Modeling psychopathology in the laboratory,Psychopathology: Experimental Models. San Francisco (1978), 1-26.
Adamec, Long-lasting, selective, anxiogenic effects. Physiology and Behaviour (2004), 83, 401–410.
Akiskal, Interaction of biologic and psychologic factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandium (1985), 71, 131-139.
Alberts, Olfactory bulb removal. Nature (1972), 238, 25–28.
Alonso, Population level. British Journal Psychiatry (2007), 190, 299–306.
American Psychiatric Association. In: Text revision. Fourth ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association (2000), 780–783.
American Psychiatric Association. DSM-V, Co morbidity of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2007) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 320-324.
Andrade, Longitudinal study of daily variation of rats, Physiology and Behaviour(2003), 78, 125-133.
Anderson, Treatment discontinuation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. British Medical Journal (1995), 310, 1433−1438.
Andersen, Behavioural evaluation of methods. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (2000), 69, 227–240.
Andreatini, The relationship between anxiety and depression. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1999), 32, 1121-1126.
Abdel-Waheb. Investigation of the flavanoid content of Salvodora persica L. Bull Fac Pharm (1990), 28, 67–70.
Adebiyi A, Modulation of jejunal contractions. Phyto Res (2005), 19, 628-63.
Adeneye AA. Preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Biol Med (2009), 1, 1-10.
Adeyemi DO. Anti hyperlipidemic activities of Annona muricata. Int J Alter Med (2009), 7, 62-67.
Agarwal N, Behavioural and lethal effects of alcoholic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides in albino mice. J Physio Allied Sci (1997), 31, 81.
Ahmad S. Anticonvulsant potential of callus cultures. Ori Pharm Exp Med (2007), 7, 46-50.
Alali F. GC-MS analysis and bioactivity testing of the volatile oil. Nat Prod Res (2003)., 17, 189– 194.
Al-Bagieh. Antiherpes simplex c-virus type 1 activity. Biomed Lett (1990), 47, 67–70.
Alder R. A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic. J Am Acad Nurse Pract (2003), 15, 120-9.
Al-Howiriny T. Gastric antiulcer of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharm Biol, 48, 786-793.
Berlyne. Novelty, arousal, and the rein-forcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiology Psychology (1966), 62, 222–226.
Berman. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry (2000), 47, 351–354.
Berrios. Conceptual issues. P, editors. Biological Psychiatry (2002). John Willey & Sons, 1–24.
Bhattacharya. Antioxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides. Journal of Ethanopharmacology (2001), 74, 1–6.
Bill. Current and residual functional disability: The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEM-ESIS). Psychological Medicine (2000), 30, 657-668.
Blanchard. The mouse defense test battery: pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic. European Journal of Pharmacology (2003), 463, 97–116.
Blazer, Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology (1982), 115, 684–694.
Blier, Current advances and trends in the treatment of depression. Trends in Pharmacological Science (1994), 15, 220–226.
Borsini, Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing anti-depressant activity? Psychopharmacology (1988), 94, 147–160.
Choubey Ankur. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves of aegle marmelos in rats, International Journal of Drug Development & Research, July-Sept (2010),Vol. 2(3)
Clement Y. Biological Basis of Anxiety. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews (1998, 22(5): 623–633.
Cryan. Tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity. Neuroscience and Biobehaviora l(2005), 29 (571–625).
Dhananjaya D.R, (2011),Anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum seeds. Archives of Applied Science Research,3 (1): 91-95.
Baeshen HA.Uptake and release of fluoride from Fluoride-impregnated chewing sticks in vitro and in vivo. Caries Res (2008), 42, 363-8.
Bisset, Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers (1994), p. 70-72.
Carroll, A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: Standardization, validation and clinical utility. Archives of General Psychiatry (1981), 38, 15–22.
Carver, Relations of serotonin function to personality: Current views and a key methodological issue. Psychiatry Research (2006), 144, 1– 15.
Carver, Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review (1990), 97, 19–35.
Celada, The therapeutic role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in depression. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience (2004), 29, 252–265.
Charney. Depression and Bipolar Support. Archives of General Psychiatry (2003), 60, 664 -672.
Charney. Monoamine dysfunction treatment of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1997), 59, 11–14.
Chrousos. The concepts of stress. Journal of American Medical Association (1992), 267, 1244–1252.
Clark. Psychometric evidence and psychometric implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1991), 100, 316–336.
Coulehan. Medical comorbidity. Archives of Internal Medicine (1990), 150, 2363-2367.
Crawley. Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (1980), 13, 167–170.
Crawley. Behavioural phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice. NY: Wiley-Liss (2000), 386-448.
Crowley, J.J., Lucki, I. (2005) Opportunities to discover genes regulating depression and antidepressant response from rodent behavioural genetics.Current Pharmaceutical Design, 11, 157–169.
Cryan. Onset of the effects of the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100635. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (1999), 63, 333–338.
Cryan. Assessing substrates underlying the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review (2005), 29, 547–569.
Cryan. In search of a depressed mouse. Molecular Psychiatry (2004), 9, 326–357.
Cryan. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends in Pharmacological Science (2002), 23, 238-245.
Dam. The sero-tonin transporter and 5HT2A receptor lesions. Neurological Research (2007), 29, 717-722.
Dantzer. Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Clinical Neurology (2006), 24, 441–460.
Davidson. Achieving remission with venlafaxine and fluoxetine. Depression Anxiety (2002), 16, 4−13.
Davis. Long-lasting effects of acute stress on the neurochemistry. Psychopharmacology, 118, 267– 272.
Deakin. Roles of serotoninergic systems in escape,Psychopharmacology Vol 2. New York: Academic Press (1983), 149-193.
Deakin. Distinct roles of 5HT subsystems in panic, anxiety and depression. (Eds.), Biol. Psych., vol. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1991), 305–307.
Deakin.5-HT, anti-depressant drugs and the psychosocial origins of depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology (1996), 10, 31–38.
Deakin. Social stress, steroid levels, 5-HT and depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology (1997), 11, A93-A97.
Deakin. Depression and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplementum (2003), 64, 79–93.
Deb.. Rate of psychiatric illness one year after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry (1999), 156, 374 –378.
Denenberg, V.H. (1969) Open-field behavior in the rat: what does mean? Annals of the Newyork Academy of Science, 159, 852–859.
Edwards, The psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis on families. Psycho-oncology (2004), 13, 562-576.
Edwards. Olfactory bulb removal: effects on sexual behaviour and partner-preference in male rats. Physiology and Behaviour (1990), 48, 447–450.
Evans. Mood disorders in the medically ill. Biological Psychiatry (2005), 58, 175-189.
Fann, Sertraline in the treatment of major depression. Journal of Neuro-psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience (2000), 12, 226–32.
Fedoroff, Depression in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry (1992), 149, 918-923.
Feinstein, The pre-therapeutic classification of comorbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases (1970), 23, 455-468.
Ferré. Struggling and flumazenil effects in the swimming test are related to the level of anxiety in mice. Neuropsychobiology (1994), 29, 23-27.
Fehr. Serotonergic polymorphisms in patients suffering from alcoholism. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biology Psychiatr (2001) y, 25, 965–982.
Fernandez-Ruiz. Olfactory dysfunction in hereditary ataxia and basal ganglia disorders. Neuroreports (2003), 14, 1339–1341.
Feske. Anxiety as a predictor of response to interpersonal psychotherapy. Depression and Anxiety (1998), 8, 135–141.
Field. Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression. Depression and Anxiety (2003) 17, 140–151.
File. Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety British Journal of Pharmacology (1978), 62, 19–24.
