ROLE OF PARASURGICAL PROCEDURES IN SHALYA TANTRA: A REVIEW OF KSHARA KARMA, AGNI KARMA, AND RAKTAMOKSHANA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/prl.ijayush.v15i06%20(June).2126Keywords:
Shalya Tantra; Kshara Karma; Agnikarma; Raktamokshana; Kshara Sutra; JalaukavacharanaAbstract
Background Para-surgical procedures are an important component of Shalya Tantra and occupy an intermediate position between conservative treatment and major surgical intervention. Kshara Karma, Agnikarma, and Raktamokshana are used for localized pain, swelling, bleeding, congestion, unhealthy tissue, anorectal disorders, chronic wounds, and selected musculoskeletal conditions. These procedures produce therapeutic effects through controlled chemical cauterization, thermal cauterization, and removal of vitiated or congested blood. Aim To review the role of Kshara Karma, Agnikarma, and Raktamokshana as para surgical procedures in Shalya Tantra. Objectives To describe the classical concept of para-surgical treatment. To review the preparation, actions, indications, and procedure of Kshara Karma. To explain the instruments, methods, and therapeutic role of Agnikarma. Materials and Methods A structured search of classical Ayurvedic texts, PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and relevant reference lists was conducted up to June 2026.
Clinical trials, comparative studies, pharmaceutical studies, systematic reviews, and contemporary surgical literature were included. The findings were synthesized narratively because of heterogeneity in procedures and outcome measures. Results & Discussion The three procedures differ in their mechanisms and should be selected according to the nature, depth, location, and stage of the disease. Current evidence is promising but limited by small samples, variable protocols, open-label designs, and short follow-up. Conclusion Kshara Karma, Agnikarma, and Raktamokshana may provide effective minimally invasive options in properly selected patients. Standardized procedures, safety monitoring, and larger comparative clinical trials are required.
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