LAVANDULA STOECHAS (USTOKHUDDUS): A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND RECENT ADVANCES

Abstract

Lavandula stoechas (L. stoechas), known as Ustokhuddus in Unani medicine, has been traditionally used for its therapeutic potential, particularly in the Mediterranean region. This comprehensive review integrates ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological data on L. stoechas to evaluate its traditional uses and identify potential areas for future research. The plant's historical use includes treatments for neurological disorders such as insanity, insomnia, and epilepsy. Phytochemical investigations reveal a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including essential oils (camphor, 1,8-cineole), flavonoids, terpenes, polyphenols, and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid). These compounds contribute to various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, sedative, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, and reno-protective effects, as evidenced by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. While the essential oil exhibits low toxicity and potential for use in food supplements or pharmaceutical applications, aqueous extracts have demonstrated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in a concentration-dependent manner. The stability of its camphor odor for up to two years suggests good retention of quality. Recent studies have further explored its potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases and its antimicrobial properties against resistant bacterial strains. Further well-designed clinical trials and mechanistic studies are needed to validate traditional uses and explore novel therapeutic applications, considering the complex interplay of its phytochemical constituents and their safety profiles.