A CRITICAL REVIEW OF NIDANA, SAMPRAPTI AND MANAGEMENT OF STHAULYA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OBESITY

Abstract

Background Sthaulya is a complex nutritional and metabolic disorder characterised by excessive accumulation of Meda Dhatu, abnormal enlargement of the abdomen, buttocks and breasts, reduced physical activity and impaired metabolic function. Acharya Charaka included Atisthaulya among the eight undesirable physical constitutions known as Ashta Nindita Purusha. Obesity is similarly recognised as abnormal or excessive body-fat accumulation that adversely affects health. Both conditions arise through the combined influence of excessive food intake, sedentary habits, disturbed metabolism, psychological factors and genetic predisposition. Aim To critically review the Nidana, Samprapti and management of Sthaulya with special reference to obesity. Objectives To compile the classical descriptions of Sthaulya from authoritative Ayurvedic texts. To study the causative factors, pathogenesis, clinical features and complications of Sthaulya. To review the dietary, lifestyle, medicinal and purification measures advised for its management. To correlate the classical pathogenesis of Sthaulya with the contemporary understanding of obesity. To identify the practical role of integrated and individualised management in obesity prevention and control.  Materials and Methods A literary review was conducted using the Brihattrayi, Laghutrayi, relevant classical commentaries and contemporary scientific literature. Information related to Sthaulya, Medovaha Srotas, Meda Dhatu, obesity, adipose-tissue dysfunction and weight management was collected, analysed and organised conceptually. Classical principles were compared with present biomedical understanding. Results and Discussion The classical description of abnormal Meda accumulation, excessive appetite, reduced activity and associated complications closely corresponds with adipose-tissue dysfunction, energy imbalance, insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. An individualised and sustained management strategy is therefore required. Conclusion Sthaulya and obesity are multifactorial, chronic and relapsing disorders. Integration of classical dietary and lifestyle principles with scientific assessment may provide a comprehensive approach to prevention and long-term management.