REVIEW OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS ADULTERATION

Abstract

Background: Swertia chirayita (Chirayata) is a well-known medicinal plant used in Ayurveda and other traditional systems for the management of fever, liver disorders, digestive disturbances, and metabolic diseases. It possesses strong Tikta Rasa and acts through Deepana and Pachana properties. Due to its wide therapeutic utility and high demand, the plant has become critically endangered and is frequently subjected to adulteration and substitution in the crude drug market. AIM To critically review the medicinal importance of Swertia chirayita and to analyze the problems associated with its adulteration in the crude drug market. Objectives To study the classical Ayurvedic properties of Swertia chirayita including Rasa, Guna, Virya, and Vipaka. To compile and analyze modern scientific data related to the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia chirayita. To identify commonly used adulterants and substitutes of Swertia chirayita in the herbal drug market. To evaluate the impact of adulteration on therapeutic efficacy, safety, and quality of herbal formulations. To highlight challenges in standardization, authentication, and quality control of Swertia chirayita. To emphasize the need for conservation and sustainable utilization of Swertia chirayita. Materials and Methods: This is a narrative review based on classical Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific literature, including pharmacological and phytochemical studies. Relevant information was collected from research articles, review papers, and pharmacopeial sources focusing on medicinal uses, active constituents, and adulteration issues. Results: Swertia chirayita contains important bioactive compounds such as amarogentin, swertiamarin, and mangiferin, which contribute to its antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. However, due to scarcity and high market demand, it is often adulterated with species like Andrographis paniculata and other Swertia species. These substitutes differ in pharmacological properties and may alter therapeutic outcomes. Adulteration leads to reduced efficacy, compromised safety, and difficulty in standardization of herbal formulations. Conclusion: Swertia chirayita is a valuable medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential, but adulteration remains a major challenge affecting its authenticity and clinical effectiveness. There is a need for strict quality control measures, proper identification techniques, and conservation strategies to ensure its sustainable use and therapeutic reliability.