DEGENERATIVE ARTHRITIS (THAHAJJAR-E-MAFASIL): A CLASSICAL UNANI PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

In classical Unani literature, Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Arthritis is described as Tahajjar-ul-Mafasil under the broader category of Waja-ul-Mafasil. According to Unani scholars, all arthritic pains arise due to humoural imbalance. When morbid matter (mawad-e-fasida) is diverted from vital organs toward the joints, it tends to accumulate there because the joints are relatively empty spaces that are constantly in motion. Additionally, joints possess a cold temperament and are located in the extremities, far from the heart—the primary source of internal heat. As a result, the accumulated matter becomes thick and hardened, particularly when the Akhlat (humours) remain immature or retained for long periods.

From a modern biomedical perspective, Osteoarthritis is recognized as a chronic, progressive, degenerative musculoskeletal disorder with a multifactorial etiology. It is primarily a non-inflammatory condition affecting movable joints and is characterized by cartilage degradation, joint space narrowing, and structural deterioration that may lead to significant functional impairment.

The objective of this study was to consolidate and analyze Unani concepts related to Thahajjar-e-Mafasil. This review is based on classical Unani texts, contemporary journal articles, and online scholarly resources. According to Unani physicians, the main predisposing factor for Osteoarthritis is the accumulation of ghair tabayi akhlat (abnormal humours), such as dominance of Damavi (sanguine), Safravi (choleric), Balghami (phlegmatic), Saudavi (melancholic) humour, a combination of two abnormal humours, or reeh (abnormal gases). Another important factor is Su’-e-Mizaj (abnormal temperament), which may manifest as either Su’-e-Mizaj Sa’ada (without associated morbid matter) or Su’-e-Mizaj Maddi (with associated morbid matter).