REVISITING TARPANA KARMA: AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO OCULAR SURFACE DISORDERS AND DRY EYE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Abstract

Background: Tarpana Karma is one of the specialized Netra Karmas described in Ayurveda for the nourishment and rejuvenation of ocular tissues. With the increasing prevalence of Dry Eye Disease (DED) due to digital strain and environmental stressors, Tarpana Karma offers a unique therapeutic perspective rooted in the concepts of Sneha, Snigdhatva, and Netra Poshan. Aim To evaluate the role of Tarpana Karma in the management of ocular surface disorders, especially Dry Eye, through classical and modern perspectives. Objectives To review Ayurvedic references of Tarpana Karma. To study its procedure and therapeutic principles. To correlate Ayurvedic and modern concepts of Dry Eye. To explore the pharmacological actions of Tarpana Dravyas. To assess its clinical relevance in ocular surface disorders. Methods: A literary review was conducted through Ayurvedic classics including Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and Sharangadhara Samhita, along with recent clinical and experimental studies from modern ophthalmological and Ayurvedic research databases. Key focus was given to the selection of Tarpana Dravyas, procedural methodology, indications, contraindications, and mechanisms of action. Results: Classical texts attribute Tarpana with actions like Vata-Pitta Shamana, Netra Snigdhata Vardhana, and Drishti Prasadana. Modern studies indicate that Tarpana may enhance tear film stability, increase goblet cell density, and reduce ocular surface inflammation through lipid and mucin layer restoration. The ghee-based formulations used in Tarpana exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lubricating effects comparable to artificial tear substitutes but with deeper tissue nourishment. Conclusion: Tarpana Karma represents a holistic and rejuvenate intervention for ocular surface disorders. Integrating its principles into modern ocular therapeutics can provide sustainable management of Dry Eye and related pathologies by restoring Netra Bala and maintaining Tear Film Homeostasis. Further controlled trials are warranted to validate its long-term efficacy and establish standardized procedural protocols.