EXPLORING THE FOURFOLD RASAYANA FORMULATIONS: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF KHARALIYA, PARPATI, KUPIPAKWA, AND POTTALI RASAYANA

Abstract

Background: Rasayana is a vital branch of Ayurveda aimed at rejuvenation, longevity, and prevention of disease. Among its formulations, the Chaturvidha Rasayana—Kharaliya, Parpati, Kupipakwa, and Pottali Rasayana—represent specialized therapeutic forms developed through complex pharmaceutical processes. Despite their historical prominence, their conceptual understanding and clinical utility remain underexplored in modern academic discourse. Objectives: To critically analyze the philosophical and pharmacotechnical foundations of Chaturvidha Rasayana formulations and assess their preparation methods, therapeutic relevance, safety profile, and scope in contemporary practice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive and analytical literary review was conducted using primary classical texts such as Rasatarangini, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Charaka Saṃhitā, and Bhaishajya Ratnāvali, alongside modern pharmaceutico-analytical studies. The methodologies, tools, apparatus, ingredients, heating patterns, and safety measures were documented and comparatively analyzed. Results: Each formulation displays unique pharmaceutical characteristics: Kharaliya Rasayana involves trituration techniques enhancing bioavailability. Parpati Rasayana stabilizes mercurial compounds through layered exudation on cow dung cakes. Kupipakwa Rasayana depends on controlled sublimation within glass apparatus to create potent mineral compounds. Pottali Rasayana compresses multi-drug combinations into hard-shelled pouches, offering prolonged shelf-life and targeted action. Their clinical applications span across Jwara, Kustha, Rasa-Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara, and Vatavyadhi. Conclusion: Chaturvidha Rasayana represents a scientifically and conceptually rich legacy of Rasa Shastra. Modern research must integrate standardization, toxicological evaluation, and clinical trials to validate and adapt these potent formulations for global therapeutic use.